SEMINAR

ON
FORMATIVE AND
SUMMATIVE EVALUATION

Ms. NEENA NAIDU

 INTRODUCTION
 Evaluation is part of life, in our life we need to make evaluation frequently
• - Like which dress you want to wear in marriage
• - What you want to give in gift to your friend.
 In educational scenario evaluation have important role in judging students progress
to know up to what extent student have achieved the desired set goal.
 Evaluation is such an essential part of teaching and learning. Evaluation in education
is the process of judging the effectiveness of educational experience through careful
appraisal or involves measurement but is different from it.
 Measurement is appraisal in terms of fixed standards whereas an evaluation implies
the use of relative and flexible standards.
 Continue…..

 Evaluation is made in relation to the objectives that have been determined

previously by faculty, individual teacher and student.
 The word ‘assess’ comes from the Latin verb ‘assidere’ meaning ‘to sit with’
 Assessment can focus on the individual learner, the learning community (class,
workshop, or other organized group of learners), the institution of the
educational system.
 DEFINITIONS
•Evaluation –
•“It is a process of making judgment that to be used as a basis for planning. It consists of
establishing goals, collecting evidence concerning growth or lack of growth towards goals,
making judgement about the evidence and revising procedures and goals in the light of the
judgments.”
• -Wiles
• “It is the process of determining to what extent the educational objectives are being realized.”
• -Ralph Tylor
• “ It is a systematic examination of educational and social programs.”
• -Conbach
• Assessment—
•“ Assessment is the process of documenting , usually in measurable terms,
knowledge, skill, attitudes, and beliefs.”
•“ Assessment in education is the process of gathering, interpreting, recording, and
using information anout pupils’ responses to an educational task.”
• -Harlen,Gipps,Broadfoot,Nuttal,1992
• Nature of Evaluation—
•Evaluation on education context implies broad programme that examines
achievement, attitude, interest, personality, traits and skills factors which are taken into
consideration. Thus cognitive, affective and psychomotor learning outcome is measured in
evaluation process.
•The evaluation is two part process. Thus first part of evaluation is the determination of
what is to evaluate (Goal) and the second part is the judgement of whether the goals are
being achieved.
• Purposes of evaluation—
•The overall purpose will be to provide information to enable each student to develop
according to his potential with the frame work of educational objectives.
•Blooms stated the following purposes -:
1) To discover the extent of competence through which the students have developed in initiating,
organizing and improving his/her day to day work and to diagnose his/her strength and
weakness with a view to further guidance.
2) To appraise the status of and changes in student’ behavior.
3) To assess the student’s progress from time to time and disclose student’s needs and possibility.
4) To predict the student’s future in academic success.
5) To provide basis for modification of the curriculum and course.
6) To motivate students for better attainment and growth.
7) To improve instructional and measuring devices.
8) To locate area where remedial measures are needed.
• Purposes of evaluation in nursing
1) To determine the level of knowledge and understanding of the students at various times.
2) To determine the level of student’s clinical performance at various stages.
3) To diagram each student’s strength and weakness and to suggest remedial measures.
4) To encourage student’s learning by measuring their achievement and inform them their success.
5) To help students to acquire the attitude of and skills in self evaluation and self directing in their
study.
6) To provide motivation in practicing critical thinking, the application of principle, the making of
judgement, etc.
7) To estimate the effectiveness of teaching and learning technique, of subject content and
instructional media in reaching the goals.
8) To gather information for administrative purpose such as selecting students for higher courses,
placement of students for advanced training, etc.
• Scope of evaluation--
• Certification
• Feedback
• Monitoring the program
• Safeguard the public
• Baseline for guidance and counseling
• Placement and promotion in job
• Development of tool and techniques and appraise the methods of
instructions.
• Characteristics of evaluation –
• Continuous process
• Includes academic and non academic subjects.
• Procedure for improving the product.
• Discovers the needs of an individual student and to design learning experience
that will solve their needs.
• Correlation between the education system and the system of evaluation.
• Complex process which need scientific techniques and tools.
• Principles of evaluation—
• Evaluation is a process of determining the extend to which educational
objectives are achieved by pupils. It should not be viewed as merely a
collection of techniques for obtaining information about pupil’s behavior.
(Gronlund & Guilbert)
• Evaluation is most effective when based on sound operational principles. The
following principles stated by Gronlund provide a framework within which the
process of evaluation may be viewed.
• Determining and classifying what is to be evaluated always has priority in the
evaluation process: The objectives must be clearly stated before evaluation is
made.
• Techniques should be selected in term of the purposes to be served.
• Comprehensive evaluation requires a variety of evaluation techniques. No
single evaluation technique is adequate to evaluate various outcome.
• Proper use of evaluation techniques require an awareness of their limitations
as well as their strength.
• Evaluation is a means to an end and not as end itself.
• Evaluation procedures must contribute to improved decisions of instruction,
guidance and administrative nature.
• Adequacy of experience should be made in terms of excellence of
performance and quality of experience.
• Record for practice should reflect the objectives of practice and give
evidence to the extent of achievement of these objectives.
• Types of evaluation –
• According to Sankara Narayaran and B. Sindhu :-
• Based on frequency of conducting-
• a) Formative
• b) Summative
• Based on nature of management –
• Maximum performance evaluation
• Typical performance evaluation
• Based on method of interpreting result –
• a) Criterion referenced evaluation
• b) Norm reference evaluation
• According to RD Tennyson :-
• Phase 1- Feasibility
• Phase 2- Formative (diagnostic) evaluation
• Phase 3- Summative (certifying) evaluation
• Phase 4- Maintance evaluation

• Based on frequency of conducting : - This Classification was based on the

frequency of conducting evaluation.
• M Scriven (1967) coined the term formative evaluation and summative evaluation.
• Formative Evaluation is on going, continuous evaluation.
• Summative Evaluation is the commonly known type of evaluation. It comes at the end
of the term, course or program of teaching.
 Formative Evaluation :-
• Definitions -:
• It is concerned with judgement made during the design or development of
program, which is directed towards modifying, forming or otherwise
improving the programs before it is completed.
• _A.J.Nitke (1983)
• It is conducted to monitor the instructional process to determine whether
learning is taking place as planned.
• _ R L Ebel & Frisbic (1986)
• It occurs over a period of time and monitors student’s progress.
• _ W Weersma & S G Jury (1990)
• Formative Evaluation

• Formative evaluation occurs over a period of time and monitors student’s progress.

• It’s used to monitor learning progress during instruction and to provide continuous
feedback to both pupil and teacher regarding learning success and failures.
• Feedback to pupils reinforces successful learning and identifies the learning errors
that need correction.
• Feedback to teacher provides information for modifying instruction and prescribing
group and remedial work.
• Formative evaluation depends on specially prepared tests for each segment of
instruction like unit/chapters.
• Tests used for formative evaluation are most frequently prepared by teacher,

but published tests are also available.

• This is a type of evaluation designed to help both the student and teacher to

pinpoint areas where the students has failed to learn so that this failure may be

rectified. It provides a feedback to the teacher and the student and thus

estimating teaching success. E.g. weekly tests, terminal examinations etc.

 Characteristics of Formative Evaluation :-
• Provides the students with on his progress or gain.
• Must be continuous starts with comment of program until the time be complete
it.
• Inform students about extent of learning needs to reach the education adjective.
• Enables learning activities to be adjusted in accordance with progress made or
lack of it.
• Useful in guiding the students and prompting him to ask for help.
• It is carried out frequently whenever the student/teacher feels it as necessary.
• Provides teacher with qualitative and quantitative data for modification of his
teaching.
 Summative Evaluation :-
• Definitions :-
• It describes judgement about the merits of already completed program,
procedure or product.
_ A.J. Nitke (1983)
• It is conducted at the end of the instructional segment to determine if learning
is sufficient or complete then move the learner to the next segment of
instruction.
_ R L Ebel & Frisbic (1986)
• It is done at the conclusion of instruction and measures the extent to which
students have attained the desired outcome.
_ W Weersma & G Jury (1990)
• Summative Evaluation :-
• It typically comes at the end of instruction, It’s designed to determine the
extent to which the instructional objectives have been achieved and is used
primarily for assigning course grades or certifying pupil mastery of the
intended learning outcomes.

• The techniques used are determined by instructional objective, but they

usually include teacher made achievement test, rating on various types of
performances and evaluation of products.
• The main purpose is to provide grading or certification, it also provides
information for judging the appropriateness of the course objectives and
effectiveness of the instruction.

• This is the type of evaluation carried out at the end of the course of
instruction to determine the extent to which the objectives have been
achieved. It is called as summarizing evaluation because it looks at the entire
course of instruction or programe and can pass judgement on both the teacher
and students, the curriculum and the entire system.
• Purposes:-
• For certification
• Determines the student’s mastery on learning outcome based on the
objectives.
• Characteristics of Summative Evaluation-:
• Certifying evaluation is designed to develop competent personnel from
practicing.
• To place students in order of merit.
• Justifies the discussion as to whether they should move up to the next class
or be awarded a degree or diploma.
• Carried out less frequently at the end of a period of instruction.
 ASSIGNMENT
• WRITE IN DETAIL ABOUT OTHER TYPES OF EVALUATION.

• WHAT IS CLINICAL EVALUATION ? WRITE IN DETAIL.

• SUMMARY-:

• So far, In this seminar we have discussed about definition of evaluation,

definition of assessment, nature of evaluation, purposes of evaluation in nursing,

scope of evaluation, characteristics of evaluation, principles of evaluation, types

of evaluation, definition of formative and summative evaluation, characteristics

of formative and summative evaluation and difference between formative and

summative evaluation.
• CONCLUSION -:

• This topic will help to improve knowledge and skill of learner and useful in

implication during professional practices.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Bhaskara Raj, Nima Bhaskar“Text Book of Nursing Education”,Second Edition,
Page no. 235 -237.

• Basheer
• https://www.slideshare.net/babithadevu/note-on-evaluation-and-assessment-in-n
ursing-education-part-01
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/12878487/
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
333633265_Formative_and_Summative_Evaluation_Techniques_for_Improvem
ent_of_Learning_Process
• https://www.slideshare.net/NavjyotSinghChoudhary/evaluation-of-educational-p
rograms-in-nursing
THANK YOU