KIRŞEHİR AHİ EVRAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ

SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ

THEORY OF ANNEXATION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
(M.Sc.Thesis)

Kyrylo DOVHOPOL

Advisor:
Associate Professor Öner AKGÜL

Kırşehir - 2023
PLAN OF PRESENTATION:
- MAIN PARTS OF THE THESIS;
- THEORETICAL PART;
- DATA;
- FINDINGS;
- CONCLUSION.
 MAIN PARTS OF THE THESIS

 INTRODUCTION
 THEORETICAL EXPLANATION
 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS WITH EXAMPLES
 COMPLEX INFORMATION ABOUT ANNEXATION
 CONCLUSION
 SUBJECT AND PURPOSE OF THE THESIS
 To conduct a profound analysis of the concept of annexation and its concepts and the
role of this concept and its components in the discipline of International Relations;
 to conclude the types of annexation in the sample(cases) of various states from 1816
to 2022;
 to accept the conception of annexation that has influenced and continues to affect the
development of global relations among countries;
 to completely understand what methodologies states are using to annex part of the
region in their prejudice.
 METHODS OF THE THESIS

 Empirical research method, namely the comparison method, will be

used for analysis. This method will help to establish similarities or
differences between annexations and also to find common, natural
features of two or more annexations that occurred in the period from
1816 to 2022;
 the comparison method to summarize the algorithm of actions of
countries that annex certain territories in their favor.
 RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH

 the relevance of the theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of country

annexation in the context of international relations, from 1816 to 2022 through
examples of countries that acquired weaker states by various means within the
framework of political, social, and economic destabilization.
 TYPES OF TERRITORIAL EXPANSION OF STATES

 Conquest;
 secession(subjection);
 occupation;
 annexation.
 CONQUEST

Conquest in international law is the acquisition of territory by force, especially by

a victorious state at the expense of a losing state.
Conquest also acts as a cause of loss of independence only when there are wars
between two countries and due to the defeat of one of them sovereignty over the
territory passes from the losing state to the victorious state.
At the international level after World War I, due to several factors, including
doctrines, pacts, conventions, countries began to use other forms of taking
control over territories.
 SECESSION(SUBJECTION)

 Separation of part of the territory from a particular state by the decision of its population or competent
authorities.
 This concept can be defined as the output and the state of any of its administrative-territorial units,
including the subject of the federation, by decision of the population of this unit, adopted by
referendum, or by decision of the competent authorities of this unit.
 Independent experts and representatives of distant lands must be experts in resolving the issue of the
separation of territories and the creation of a separate state.
 They must be guided by law and transnational law.
 The law itself must conclude the legitimacy and denotation of the habitants of an assured range to
relegate from the country with which they were consecutively for an irrefragable period.
 OCCUPATION
 Occupation is the temporary control of a territory by another state that claims
no right to permanent sovereign control over that territory.
 The foreign forces that occupied a certain territory have a significant degree
of power over the occupied territory. And the boundary between the phases of
invasion and occupation is very conditional.
 ANNEXATION
 Annexation is a unilateral act of the state, through which it declares sovereignty over
another territory, which was previously outside its borders, in its favor. An annexation is a
unilateral act acting by de facto possession and legitimized by universal recognition.
 From an economic point of view, annexation can be represented by a type of absolute
dependence on others, where weaker countries, having their status and independence, are
not independent at all.
 On the contrary, become more dependent and the endpoint may be the annexation of the
whole country or part of the territory where resources are concentrated or the territory
itself is at an important strategic intersection of certain paths.
HARD ANNEXATION
 Hard annexation aims to seize the territory
where weapons are required, but they are
not used and only have the effect of
intimidation, which is used to put
psychological pressure on people and local
authorities. In general, we can define
strength as the ability to influence the
behaviors of others to get the outcomes one
wants.
SOFT ANNEXATION
 What about soft annexation we can define
this concept as the idea expressed in
various forms over the years. One country
tries to pull political, economic, and
military levers all of which fall short of
traditional invasion – to exploit ethnic
conflicts in countries that used to be in its
orbit. Also, the goal is to leverage these
tensions.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

 The CINC score represents:

 Who is annexing the country or part of it;
 1. Demographic;
what forces were involved;
 2. economic;
what was the regime of the country that
annexed the territory ; 3. military strength.
 What methods and tools were used to
achieve the annexation;
 CINC COMPONENT

 CINC it is a Composite Index of National

Capability score. It is aggregates the six
individual measured components of national
material capabilities into a single value per state-
year.
 The CINC reflects an average of a state`s share of
the system total of each element of capabilities in
each year, weighting each component equally.
 CINC always ranges between 0 and 1. ``0.0``
would indicate that a state had 0% of the total
capabilities present in the system in that year, Parts of CINC component
while ``1.0`` would indicate that the state had
100% of the capabilities in a given year.
KEY ROLE OF THE CINC COMPONENT

With the help of CINC component we can

see difference between countries who
annexed and who was annexed.

CINC components of countries who annexed between 1946-1989

CINC components of countries that were annexed or lost their territories

 KEY ROLE OF THE CINC COMPONENT
Usually, countries who annex
territories, stronger and CINC
component clearly shows us this
difference and helps us to
understand why this or that
country tried to annex certain
territory.
Clear example of loss is Spain in CINC component of Spain and USA
1898 and in 1899.

CINC component of Germany and Spain

COMPLEX INFORMATION ABOUT
ANNEXATION

 Among them, 28 cases appeared after

Cases aggressive actions and 26 appeared after
non-aggressive actions. In percentage ratio
after aggressive actions appeared 51,9
percent and annexations which appeared
52% 48%
after non-aggressive actions are 48,1
non-aggressive percent.
aggressive
PERIODS FROM 1816 TO 1900 AND FROM 1901 TO 1945

period from 1816 to 1900 period from 1901 to 1945

15%
non-aggressive non-aggressive
47% aggressive aggressive
53%

85%
PERIOD OF COLD WAR AND FROM 1990 TO 2022

period of Cold War period from 1990 to 2022

24% 29%
non-aggressive non-aggressive
aggressive aggressive

76% 71%
 CONCLUSION
 Made a profound analysis of the concept of annexation and its components and understood the role
of this concept and its components in the discipline of International Relations;
 determined the types of annexation in the sample(cases) of various states from 1816 to 2022;
 accepted the conception of annexation that has influenced and continues to affect the development
of global relations among countries;
 completely understood what methodologies states are using to annex part of the region in their
prejudice;
 with the help of data we made finding that the CINC component played a key role, which was taken
into account in a quantitative part of analysis.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION