Lesson 23: Global

migration: Basic
concepts
Presented by group 3
 Learning Outcomes:

1 2 3 4
understand the learn the learn the identify the
concept of global importance of global importance of global main drivers of
migration as an migration to the migration to the
migration.
international Sustainable Sustainable
phenomenon; Development Goals: Development Goals:
 Definition of Terms:
Migration:
- is the crossing of the boundary of a political or
administrative unit for a certain minimum period of time.
It includes the movement of refugees, displaced persons,
uprooted people, as well as economic migrants.

Migrant:
- is the crossing of the boundary of a political or
administrative unit for a certain minimum period of
time? It includes the movement of refugees, displaced
persons, uprooted people, as well as economic
migrants.
 Global Migration:
Global migration is a complex phenomenon affecting
economic, social, and security aspects of our daily lives in a
rapidly interconnected world. It involves various movements
and situations, involving people in geopolitics, trade, and
cultural exchange. Today, more people live in a different
country than their birthplace, with the number of migrants
reaching 258 million in 2017. The proportion of internally
displaced persons is slightly higher than in the past decades,
with 68 million forcibly displaced persons.
Migration and Sustainable
Development Goals
Migration is one of the defining features of the 21st
century. It contributes significantly to all aspects of
economic and social development everywhere, and, as
such, will be key to achieving the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs).
 Migration and Sustainable
Development Goals
The 2030 Agenda is a crucial tool for recognizing and leveraging the link
between migration and development. It is the first international framework to
acknowledge migration as a dimension of development, recognizing its
significant contribution to sustainable development and acknowledging the
specific vulnerabilities migrants may face. Additionally, the Agenda's
multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral nature allows for a comprehensive
assessment of the impact of migration and human mobility on various
development issues, making it an effective platform for addressing the
challenges posed by migration in the 21st century.
The SDG’s and its relation are as follows:
Migrants - According to the International
Organization for Migration (IOM), a migrant is:
"any person who is moving or has moved across
an international border or within a State away
from his/her habitual place of residence,
regardless of(1) the person's legal status; (2)
whether the movement is voluntary or
involuntary; (3) what the causes for the
movement are; or (4) what the length of the
stay is"

From this definition, two categories of migrants

can be identified:
1. Labor (or economic) migrants (and family
reunification)
2. Forced migrants (asylum seekers and
refugees)
Forced migrants are those who are compelled
to migrate due to adverse circumstances
beyond their control (i.e., war, persecution, etc.).

Asylum seekers seek safety from persecution or

serious harm in a foreign country and await a
decision on refugee status. If negative, they
must leave the country and may be expelled
unless humanitarian permission is provided.

Refugees are those who fear persecution due to

race, religion, nationality, social group, or
political opinions and are unable or unwilling to
avail themselves of the country's protection.
(Geneva Convention, 1951, Art. IA).
Drivers of Migration
Drivers of migration are factors that initiate and continue
migration, including economic, demographic, environmental,
and social dynamics. They can be driven by access to better
employment, education, human rights, discrimination,
poverty, or separation from family. Additionally, migration
may be triggered by crises and environmental change. The
interaction of these drivers affects governments and the
international community's response to protect migrants,
govern migration, and maximize its benefits.
 Some of the drivers migration are as follows:

1. Economic and Demographic drivers

Economic opportunities, demographics, and poverty/food
insecurity are key factors in migration decisions. In
developing countries, young people seek employment and
income through the informal economy, which accounts for
33-90 percent of total employment. This often leads to low
pay, hazardous working conditions, and limited access to
legal and social protection, causing migration. (ILO, 2017).
 Some of the drivers migration are as follows:

2. Environmental drivers
Climate-vulnerable countries often experience high
emigration rates, making it crucial to consider
environmental and climate-related evidence when analyzing
migration patterns and estimating future flows.
Environmental factors, including climate change and natural
disasters, impact resilience and vulnerability, potentially
leading to migration. The impact of climate change on
migration depends on its interaction with other factors and
perception of risk. (Atlas of Environmental Migration, 2016).
 Some of the drivers migration are as follows:

2. Human-made crises
Human-made crises are the primary causes of migration,
impacting population movements. The lack of respect for
international human rights and humanitarian law has led to
displacement due to deteriorating living conditions.
Countries with high corruption perceptions are 'net-
emigration' countries, while those with lower perceptions are
'net-immigration' countries. Corruption does not necessarily
cause migration, but rather contributes to it (Carling, 2015).
 SUMMARY:

Global migration is a global phenomenon that countries all over

the world are experiencing. In fact, global migration has been
recognized as playing an important role in achieving the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the 2030 Agenda.
Reinforcing its significance are the classification and
categorization of the migrants. Lastly, the drivers of migration
must be given attention as these are the main foundation why
global migration exists.
Thank
you!!