DATA

COLLECTION
What are the different
types of data collection
technique?
What are the different
types of interview?
What are the different
methods of data
collection techniques?
Learning Objectives:
The learner should be able to :
1. Identify data analysis & procedures
2. Infer and explain patterns and themes from data
3. Relate the findings to pertinent literature
4. Appreciate the importance of making related
literature
 The Patterns &
Themes from Data
Gathered
 THE PATTERN, THEME & CODE

CODE- in qualitative inquiry is most often a word phrase

which is symbolically defines a summative, salient,
essence- capturing, and/or evocative attribute for a
portion of language-based or visual data
 THE PATTERN, THEME & CODE

Data can compose of interview transcripts, participant

observation field notes, journals, documents, literature,
artifacts, photographs, video, websites, e-mail and
correspondence.
 THE PATTERN, THEME & CODE

PATTERN- is something that happens in a regular and

repeated way
 THE PATTERN, THEME & CODE

THEME-is generated when similar issues and ideas

expressed by participants within qualitative data are
brought together by the researcher into a single category
or cluster.
 The Patterns and Themes from Data Gathered

Direction of finding a solution to a problem which could

be done in two ways.
These ways are
(1) describing a situation, incident or occurrence; and
(2) recognizing the main themes that come out from the
field notes of your interviews, citing in a word for word
format.
 The Patterns and Themes from Data
Gathered
The following STEPS to consider in analyzing the themes are:
1. Identify the main themes.
In each question, carefully study the descriptive responses of
your respondents to understand the meaning they convey. Since
the participants express themselves in various words and
languages, choose the wording of the themes in such a way
that the implication of the responses classified under a theme
is precisely signified. The basis for assessing the wording of
unstructured interviews therefore tends to be these themes.
 The Patterns and Themes from Data
Gathered
2. Assign codes to the main themes.
The researcher should assign codes (numbers or
keywords) to the main themes obtained from the
frequency of occurrence through a random selection of
few responses to an open-ended question or from your
observational or discussion notes.
 The Patterns and Themes from Data
Gathered
3. Classify responses under the main
themes.
The identified themes classify the responses found in
your transcripts of all your interviews or your notes.
 The Patterns and Themes from Data
Gathered
4. Integrate themes and responses into the
text of your report.
Put together the identified different themes into the
text of your report. Your choice depends on the way you
want to communicate the findings to your readers. Although
some people have done it either by using verbatim or word-
for-word responses or by getting the frequency of the
theme and a present sample of the responses.
 How to Analyze Your Data?

DATA ANALYSIS
Qualitative data analysis is an ongoing and
cyclical process which includes identification,
examination, and interpretation of certain
patterns and themes in the data. It determines
how these patterns and themes help answer the
research questions.
 Data Analysis
and Procedures
Systematic Analysis- In this procedure, the
research analyst reads the data, marks
segments within a” code” a word or a phrase
that suggests how the associated data
segments address the research objectives.
 Data Analysis
and Procedures
Content Analysis - used to analyze and
interpret verbal data, or behavioral data.
Content can be analyzed descriptively or
interpretatively.
 Data Analysis
and Procedures

Narrative Analysis - used to analyze text that

may come from a variety of sources including
transcripts from interviews, diaries, field
notes, surveys and other written forms. It is
often involving reformulating stories presented
by people in a different context and based on
their different experiences.
 Data Analysis
and Procedures
Discourse Analysis - a method of
analyzing naturally-occurring spoken
interactions and written text and is
concerned with the social context in
which the communication occurred.
 Data Analysis
and Procedures
Grounded Theory - also called analytic
induction. This is a method that attempts
to develop causal explanations of a
phenomenon from one or more cases
being studied.
 Data Analysis
and Procedures
Conversation Analysis - examines the use
of language by people as a type of action or
skilled accomplishment. A key concept in
this analysis is the principle of people
taking turns in conversation.
Processes in doing
Qualitative Data
 Processes in doing Qualitative Data
1. Know your data.
Reread your written observations, relisten the
audio recorded interviews, or rewatch the movie
or clip.
 Processes in doing Qualitative Data
2. Focus your analysis.
Focus yourself on consistent and or varied
responses.
For example:
your research question is, “Why are some high school
students sometimes late for school?” Common responses
would be school’s distance, waking up late, tons of
chores prior to going to school, sleeping late, etcetera.
 Processes in doing Qualitative Data
3. Do coding.
Always consult your research questions or you
might end up coding unnecessary information.
Coding is simply categorizing the data and
reducing them.
 Processes in doing Qualitative Data
4. Clean your data.
Go through your data once more if there are
data errors.
 Processes in doing Qualitative Data
5. Identify meaningful patterns and themes.
Identifying meaningful patterns and the
theme is the heart and soul of the entire
qualitative data analysis. In this stage, you can
look at the data
 Processes in doing Qualitative Data
6. Interpret your data.
After analyzing, coding, and organizing the
data, identifying the patterns and themes, you
are now ready to interpret your data. In
interpreting the data, you will synthesize your
tables to a paragraph.
LET’S ANSWER
Complete the table. Think of possible preset
codes/categories/themes for the given questions.
 Relating the Findings
with Pertinent Literature
 Relating the Findings with Pertinent
Literature
Enhancing your discussion of findings, you need to
consider these ways to increase the credibility:
1. Use several sources of data.
The data you use from different sources can help
you check your findings. For instance, you are more
confident if you have the same interpretation of
findings as other related literature.
 Relating the Findings with Pertinent
Literature
2. Track your choices.
The results should be more convincing in order to make others
understand when drawing conclusions. It should be properly
recorded in the written analysis process to help another person
see and comprehend the decisions you have made. To help others
follow your reasoning, write your decisions during the analysis
process. This includes the explanations for the focal point you
take, the labels you build for the category, changes to the
categories you produce, and any assumptions you make about the
data as you work with the text.
 Relating the Findings with Pertinent
Literature

3. Involve others.
Feedback and ideas from others can help both
analysis and interpretation.
Generalization
What is code?
What is pattern?
What is a theme?
What are the steps to consider in
analyzing the themes?
Generalization
What is data analysis?
What are the different types of data
analysis?
What are the processes in doing
qualitative data?
How to relate the findings with
pertinent literature?
Answer the following Activities:

Learning Task 1: Let us Conduct a Survey

Learning Task 2: Process Time!
Learning Task 3: Observe! Observe! Observe!
Learning Task 4: Remembering Yesterday!
Learning Task 5: It is the Protocol
Assessment
Thank You for Listening!