H

P3 OXIDES ACID BASIC PROPERTIES

Be/Al CHLORIDES, HYDROXIDES, OXIDES –AMPHOTERIC
GP14 ACID-BASE OXIDES,DIOXIDE
GP17 HYDRIDES STABILITY
GP 17 COLD AND HOT NaOH
GP 17 WITH HYDROGEN , H2SO4
 O
PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS WITH OXYGEN
GROUP 2 WITH OXYGEN
GP 14 OXIDES STABILITY
GP 17 OXIDIZING AGENT REACTIVITY
 M
P3 ELEMENTS WITH WATER
GROUP 2 WITH WATER
GP 2 OXIDES WITH WATER
SOLUBILITY OF GP2 SULPHATES
 E
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION GP 2 NITRATES, CARBONATES AND OH
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION GP 14 OXIDES ,DIOXIDES
CHLORIDES (TETRA GP14- VOLATILITY,THERMAL STABILITY,HYDROLYSIS
COMPLEX ION, COLOURED IONS, CATALYST TRANSITION ELEMENTS
2018 Q18 A

GROUP 2 Be
• m1 : - Be reacts with concentrated alkali while other Group 2 does not
[1]
• m2 : - Be + 2 OH- + 2 H2O → Be(OH)4 2- + H2 [1]
• m3 : - Be does not react with water while other Group 2 can [1]
• m4 : - since it is coated with oxide layer [1]
• m5 : - Be reacts with chlorine to form beryllium chloride which is a
covalent compound while other Group 2 chloride is ionic [1]
• m6 : - which is dimer in room temperature [1]
• m7 : - Structure of Be2Cl4 [1]
2018 Q18 b

REACTIVITY GROUP 2 (H20)

• m1 :- reactivity with water increase down Group 2 [1]
• m2 :- Be does not react with water due to the oxide layer [1]
• m3 :- Mg react with steam /eq : Mg + H2O  MgO + H2 [1]
• m4 :- Ca, Sr and Ba react with water at room temperature[1]
• m15 :- M + 2 H2O  M(OH)2 + H2 [1]
2018 Q18C

SOLUBILITY GROUP 2
• m1 :- Solubility of sulphate decrease down Group 2 [1]
• m2 :- As cationic radius increased [1]
• m3 :- decreasing both lattice energy and enthalpy change of hydration
[1]
• m4 :- which caused enthalpy change of solution from negative to
positive [1]
2018 U Q19
MELTING BOILING POINT
G17
• m1: When going down Group 17, melting point and boiling point of
Group 17 increased [1]
• m2 : as these halogen are diatomic molecules which are simple
covalent molecules hold by weak Van Der Waals forces [1]
• m3 : as the molecular mass / size increased [1]
• m4 : strength of weak Van Der Waals forces increased [1]
2018U Q19 C

HYDROGEN HALIDES
• M7 : since iodine has large atomic radius [1]
• m8 : H–I has long bond length [1]
• m9 : H–I has weak bond strength / bond energy is low [1]
2018U Q19

REACTIVITY GROUP 17
• M1 fluorine is more reactive than chlorine [1]
• m2 : since it is a stronger oxidising agent than chlorine [1]
• m3 : hence its more toxic than chlorine
2018U Q20

TRANSITION E D-D
• a) m1 : element that can have more than one oxidation state with
incomplete filled 3d subshell [1]
• ii) m2 : Ti3+ has valance electrons 3d1 [1]
• m3 : Ti4+ has valance electrons 3s2 3p6 [1]
• m4 : Splitting of 3d orbitals occurs in Ti3+ ion. [1]
• m5 : In Ti3+ there is a d-d transition / an electron from a low 3d level
absorbs energy and jumps to a higher 3d level. [1]
• m6 : In Ti4+ there is no d-d transition. [1]
2018 U Q20 B

HOMOGENEOUS CATALYST
• m7 : Fe3+ ion act as catalyst [1]
• m8 : as a homogeneous catalyst [1]
• m9 : since reactant and catalyst are in the same phase [1]
• m10 : Fe3+ first act as oxidising agent [1]
• m11 : 2 Fe3+ + 2 I-  I2 + 2 Fe2+ [1]
• m12 : Fe2+ then act as reducing agent [1]
• m13 : 2 Fe2+ + S2O8 2-  2 Fe3+ + 2 SO4 2- [1]
• m14 : overall equation : 2 I– + S2O8 2-  I2 + 2 SO4 2- [1]
• m15 : Fe2+ is an intermediate for the reaction [1]
2013 Q18D
THERMAL STABILITY GP2
CO2-3
• - BaCO3 has greater thermal stability than MgCO3 [1]
• - Ba2+ has greater ionic radius than Mg2+ @ - Mg2+ has higher
charge density than Ba2+ [1]
• - Less easy for Ba2+ to polarise electron cloud of CO3 2- / Ba2+ has
lower polarising power [1]
2013 Q19
GP 14 OXIDES
(ACIDITY/AMPHO)
• : - Group 14 exist in +2 and in +4 OS [1]
• - m2 : Group 14 oxide exist as MO and MO2 [1]
• - m3 : CO and SiO are neutral oxide [1]
• - m4 : GeO, SnO and PbO are amphoteric [1]
• - m5 : As base : MO + 2 H+  M2+ + H2O [1]
• - m6 : As acid : PbO + 4 OH- + H2O  [Pb(OH)6] 4- @ PbO + 2 OH- + H2O  [Pb(OH)4] 2- @
MO + OH- + H2O  [M(OH)3] –
• - m7 : CO2 and SiO2 are acid, [1]
• - m8 : SiO2 + 2 OH-  SiO3 2- + H2O [1]
• - m9 : GeO2, SnO2 and PbO2 are amphoteric [1]
• - m10 : As acid : MO2 + 2 OH- + 2 H2O  M(OH)6 2- @ MO2 + 2 OH-  MO3 2- + H2O [1] +
• - m11 : As base : MO2 + 4 H+  M4+ + 2 H2O [1] (insist dilute)
2013 Q20C
GP 17 REACTION WITH
H2SO4
• sulphuric acid can only act as Bronsted Lowry acid [1]
• - Eq : Cl- (aq) + H2SO4 (aq)  HCl + HSO4 - (aq) [1]
• - conc. H2SO4 is stronger oxidising agent than Br2 and I2 (ins both) /
weaker oxidising agent than Cl2 [1]
• - bromide ion and iodide ion were further oxidised by H2SO4 [1]
• - 2 HBr (aq) + H2SO4 (aq)  Br2 (l) + SO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) [1]
• - 8 HI (aq) + H2SO4 (aq)  4 I2 (l) + H2S (g) + 4 H2O (l) [1]
2013U Q18

AgCl VS NaCl
• ) m11 : b) - AgCl is less soluble than NaCl [1]
• m12 : - Since Ag is less electropositive than Na [1]
• m13 : - Difference of electronegativity between Ag and Cl is smaller
than Na and Cl [1]
• m14 : - NaCl has greater ionic character [1]
• m15 : - AgCl is ionic and has high covalent character [1
2013U Q19B

CONDUCTIVITY GP14
• – electrical conductivity increase going down Group 14 [1]
• – carbon (as in diamond) is conductor ; graphite is conductor [1]
• – silicon and germanium are metalloid ; hence semiconductor [1] – tin
and lead are metals ; hence a conductor
2013U Q19

LEAD+2 STABLE
• electronic configuration of lead is : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
4d10 5s2 5p2 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 [1]
• – since 6s and 6p orbital are separated by 5d and 4f [1]
• – hence very high energies were required to excite electron from 6s to
6p orbital, therefore making 2e- in 6s is stable [1]
2013U Q20

HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST
• a) Nickel is a heterogeneous catalyst [1]
• – As the reactants and catalyst have different phase [1]
• – Ni catalyze the reaction by chemically adsorbing the reactants onto
their surface [1]
• – H2 lands and splits into separate H atoms chemically bound to the
nickel atoms [1]
• – H—H bond breakage is the rate-determining step [1]
• – After C2H4 adsorbs, one C—H forms [1]
• – Interaction with the nickel’s surface provides the low EA step as part of
an alternative reaction mechanism [1]
2013U Q20
COMPLEX LIGANDS
COLORED
• i. – Complex ion :species consisting of a central metal cation that is
bonded to molecules and/or anions called ligands [1]
• – Ligands : molecules or anions with one or more donor atoms that
each donate a lone pair of electrons to the metal ion to form a dative
bond [1]
• – Name : ehylenediaminetetraacetocuprate(II) ion [1]
• – Shape : octahedral [1] – EDTA is a hexadentate [1]
• – Which is stably bonded to copper (II) ion [1]
• – As it has strong chelating effect [1] and absorbed orange and red
colour [1]
2014 Q17

PERIOD 3 OXIDES (ACIDITY)

• im1 :- Sodium is basic oxide [1]
• m2 - Na2O+ 2 HCl  2 NaCl + H2O /
• m3 - Aluminium oxide is amphoteric oxide [1]
• m4 - Al2O3 + 2 NaOH + 3 H2O  2 NaAl(OH)4 @
• Al2O3 + 2 NaOH → 2 NaAlO2 + H2O [1]
• m5- Al2O3 + 6 HCl  2 AlCl3 + 3 H2O [1]
• m6 - Silicon dioxide is acidic oxide [1]
• m7 - Silicon dioxide react with conc. NaOH [1]
• m8 - SiO2 + 2 NaOH  Na2SiO3 + H2O [1]
2014 Q19B
GROUP 2 THERMAL
STABILITY
- Radium hydroxide is thermally more stable than calcium hydroxide [1]
• - Ra(OH)2  RaO + H2O / Ca(OH)2  CaO + H2O [1]
• - Ca2+ has smaller ionic radius than Ra2+ [1]
• - Ca2+ has higher charge density / polarising power [1]
2014 Q20b

GP2 THERMAL STABILITY

• m1 - CO2 is green house gas [1]
• m2 - BaCO3 is thermally more stable than CaCO3 [1]
• m3 - MCO3 → MO + CO2 [1]
• m4 - Size of Ca2+ ion is smaller than Ba2+ ion [1]
• m5 - Mg2+ ion has higher charge density [1]
• / higher polarising power
•m6 - This weakens the C–O bond in the CO32- [1]
• m7 - ionic bond between Ca2+ and O2- is stronger [1]
2014 Q20a

+2/+4 OXIDES STABILITY

• m1 - Form divalent oxide / monoxide / MO [1]
• m2 - Form tetraalent oxide / dioxide / MO2 [1]
• m3 - Going down, +2 oxide are more stable [1]
• m4 - " " , +4 oxide are less stable [1]
• m5 - +2 is more stable due to inert pair effect [1]
• m6 - +4 is less stable as ionic character increase [1]
• m7 - MO + 1/2 O2 → MO2 (M = C, Si, Ge) [1]
• m8 - MO2 → MO + 1/2 O2 (M = Sn, Pb) [1]
2014U Q18B

+2+4 GP14 THERMAL

• ) - CO2 is more stable [1]
• - As enthalpy change of formation is more exothermic [1]
• - +4 oxidation state is more stable than +2 [1]
2014U Q19A

MT BP P2
• ii. m1 :∆Hvap measured the intermolecular forces [1]
• m2 : ∆Hvap increased from Li to C [1]
• m3 : ∆Hvap increased from Li to Be since Be has more valence electron /can
delocalised electron than Li [1]
• m4 : B and C have giant covalent structure [1]
• m5 : ∆Hvap decreased significantly from C to N [1]
• m6 : since C has giant covalent structure while N2 are simple covalent molecule
• m7 : N2, O2 and F2 are simple covalent molecular with weak VDW forces [1]
• m8 : Ne is monoatomic with weak Van Der Waals forces [1]
• m9 : Axis of graph ; m10 : Shape of curve in graph [2]
2014 Q20

Al2O3 is amphoteric
• m1 : Al2O3 is amphoteric [1]
• m2 : Since Al-O bond is ionic with high covalent character [1]
• m3 : It can act as base when react with HCl [1]
• m4 : Al2O3 + 6 HCl  2 AlCl3 + 3 H2O [1]
• m5 : It can act as acid when react with NaOH [1]
• m6 : Al2O3 + 2 NaOH + 3 H2O  2 NaAl(OH)4 [1]
2014 U Q20

BE2+ AND Al3+

• m1 : Both Be2+ and Al3+ have high charge density [1]
• m2 : Both Be2+ and Al3+ have high polarisation power [1]
• m3 : Both Be2+ and Al3+ hydrolysed in water [1]
• m4 : [Al(H2O)6] 3+ + H2O ↔ [Al(OH)(H2O)5] - + H3O + [1]
• m5 : [Be(H2O)4] 2+ + H2O ↔ [Be(OH)(H2O)3] - + H3O + [1]
• m6 : Both chloride are covalent compound [1]
• m7 : chloride ion is big and easily polarised [1]
2015 Q19 A

GP 14 THERMAL STABILITY
• SnO2 is thermally stable / PbO2 is thermally unstable [1]
• - PbO2 decomposes on heating to form PbO and O2 [1]
• - 2 PbO2  2 PbO + O2 [1]
• - Sn is more stable in +4 oxidation state [1]
• - Pb is more stable in +2 oxidation state [1]
2015 Q19C

GP 14 MELTING POINT
• - Both Si and C have giant covalent structure [1]
• - C has smaller atomic radius than Si / bond length of C-C is shorter
than Si-Si [1]
• - C-C bond strength is stronger than Si-Si [1]
2015 Q20

GP 17 BP
• ii.- Boiling points increased when going down Group 17 [1]
• - weak Van Der Waals forces exist between molecules [1]
• - no of e- increased / molecular mass @ size increased [1]
• - strength of Van Der Waals forces increased [1]
2015U Q18

GP 2 Cl VS O STABILITY
• - CaCl2 is less stable than CaO [1]
• - Cl has smaller charge than O2- [1]
• - Cl has greater ionic radius than O2- [1]
2015U Q20

STABILITY GP 2 NITRATE
• ) - Stability of Group 2 nitrate increased down Group 2 [1]
• - 2 M(NO3)2 → 2 MO + 4 NO2 + O2 [1]
• - Size of cation increased down Group 2 [1]
• - Charge density decreased [1]
• - cation less polarise the nitrate ion [1]
2015 Q20

GP 2 SOLUBILITY SULPHATE
• - Hsoln = Hhyd - HLE [1]
• - Size of Mg2+ ion is smaller than Ba2+ [1]
• - Hhyd < HLE in BaSO4 @ Hhyd > HLE in MgSO4 [1]
• - Hhyd of Mg2+ is greater than in Ba2+ [1]
• - As a result, Hsoln of MgSO4 is exothermic
• Hsoln of BaSO4 is endothermic [1]
2015U Q20C

OXIDES BE, AL
• - BeO and Al2O3 is an ionic compound with high covalent
characteristic [1]
• - BeO and Al2O3 are amphoteric oxide [1]
• - BeO + 2 OH- + H2O → Be(OH)4 2- [1]
• - BeO + 2 H+ → Be2+ + H2O [1]
• - Al2O3 + 6 H+ → 2 Al3+ + 3 H2O [1]
• - BeO + 2 OH- + 3 H2O → 2 Al(OH)4 - [1]
2016 Q20 B

THERMAL STABILITY Ba
• - BaCO3 is thermally more stable than CaCO3 [1]
• - CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g) [1]
• - since Ca2+ has smaller ionic radius than Ba2+ [1]
• - Ca2+ has greater charge density / higher polarising power [1]
2016 Q20C

SOLUBILITY OF AlCl3
• - AlCl3 has polar covalent bond [1]
• - when dissolved in water, it form [Al(H2O)6] 3+ (or eq) [1]
• - and hydrolysed in water to form acidic solution [1]
• - [Al(H2O)6] 3+ + H2O ↔ [Al(OH)(H2O)5] 2+ + H3O + [1]
• - Al2O3 is ionic compound [1]
• - as ionic bond is very strong / strong electrostatic forces [1]
• - Al3+ has high charge density [1]
• - ∆Hsoln is endothermic / LE > ∆Hhyd / bond has covalency [1]
2016U Q20

TETRACHLORIDES
• MCl4 is a simple covalent molecules [1]
• - hold by weak Van Der Waals forces [1]
• - MCl4 can undergoes hydrolysis when react with water [1]
• - MCl4 + 2 H2O → MO2 + 4 HCl [1]

• - MO is neutral [1] - MO2 is acidic [1]

2018 Q18
PERIOD 3 OXIDES
CHARACTER
a) MgO and Al2O3 have giant ionic crystal lattice [1]
- charge of Al3+ is higher than Mg2+ [1]
- however covalent characteristic in Al-O is higher [1]
- - SiO2 has giant covalent structure [1]
- - P4O6 and SO3 are simple covalent molecule hold by weak Van Der
Waals forces [1]
2018 Q18
PERIOD 3 OXIDES
CHARACTER
- MgO is basic oxide [1]
- - MgO+ 2 HCl  MgCl2 + H2O [1]
- - Aluminium oxide is amphoteric oxide [1]
- - Al2O3 + 2 NaOH + 3 H2O  2 NaAl(OH)4 @ Al2O3 + 2 NaOH → 2
NaAlO2 + H2O [1]
- - Al2O3 + 6 HCl  2 AlCl3 + 3 H2O [1]
- - Silicon dioxide is acidic oxide [1]
- - Silicon dioxide react with conc. NaOH [1]
- - SiO2 + 2 NaOH  Na2SiO3 + H2O [1]
2017 Q19

GP 17 WITH H2SO4
- sulphuric acid can only act as Bronsted Lowry acid [1]
- - Eq : Cl- (aq) + H2SO4 (aq)  HCl + HSO4 - (aq) [1]
- - conc. H2SO4 is stronger oxidising agent than Br2 [1]
- conc. H2SO4 is weaker oxidising agent than Cl2 [1]
- bromide ion were further oxidised by H2SO4 [1] - 2 HBr + H2SO4  Br2 + SO2 + 2
H2O [1]
- - mixture of white and brown fume is first observed [1]
- - white precipitate is formed when fumes react AgNO3 [1]
- - Ag+ + Cl-  AgCl [1]
- - while brown colour gas formed does not react / no observable changes in silver(I)
nitrate solution [1]
2017 U Q20

P3 MT BL POINT
• m3 : boiling point increased from Li to C [1]
• m4 : b.p. increased from Li to Be since Be has more valence electron /can
delocalised electron than Li [1] m5 : B and C have giant covalent structure [1] m6 :
b.p. decreased significantly from C to N [1] m7 : since C has giant covalent structure
while N2 are simple covalent molecule [1] m8 : N2, O2 and F2 are simple covalent
molecular with weak Van Der Waals forces [1] m9 : Ne is monoatomic with weak
Van Der Waals force [1] (b) m10 : 1st ionisation energy ~ energy absorbed to
remove one mole of electron from gaseous atom [1] m11 : under standard condition
[1] m12 : Valence electron of Mg and Al are 3s2 and 3s2 3p1 [1] m13 : full filled 3s
orbital has extra stability / outermost 3p sub-shell, which is well shielded by the
inner electrons of 3s2 in Al [1] m14 : Valene electron of P and S are 3s2 3p3 and 3s2
3p4 [1] m15 : Half filled orbital in P has extra stability / Since S has two electrons in
the same orbital, results in greater electrostatic repulsio
2018 Q17

THERMAL STABILITY HX
• Thermal stability decrease :H–F > H–Cl > H–Br > H–I
• - as bond length increase from H–F < H–Cl < H–Br < H–I
• causing bond strength decreased from H–F > H–Cl > H–Br > H–I [1]
2018 Q18

GP 2 REACTIVITY
• . (a) m1 : reactivity of Group 2 with water increase when going down the Group [1]
• m2 : reaction equation is M + H2O  M(OH)2 + H2 [1]
• m3 : as strength as reducing agent increase [1]
• m4 : since E0 value become more negative / ionisation energy decrease when going down Group 2 [1]
• m5 : Solubility of Group 2 sulphate decrease when going down Group 2 [1]
• m6 : Since Hsoln = Hhyd – Lattice energy [1]
• m7 : as ionic radius increase down Group 2 [1]
• m8 : both hydration enthalpy and lattice energy decrease down Group 2 [1]
• m9 : however, decrease in hydration is more significant than lattice energy due to the large SO4 2- ion [1]
• m10 : MgSO4 is soluble in water, since Hhyd > Lattice energy, which caused Hsoln to be exothermic [1]
• m11 : CaSO4 , SrSO4 , BaSO4 are insoluble in water, since Hhyd < Lattice energy, which caused Hsoln to
be
2018Q20
2022q18
SOLUBILITY NaCl VS AgCl
• m7 : NaCl is more soluble than AgCl [1]
• m8 : Since Since Ag is less electropositive than Na [1]
• m9 : Difference of electronegativity between Ag and Cl is smaller than
Na and Cl [1] m10 : NaCl has greater ionic character [1]
• m11 : AgCl is ionic and has high covalent character [1]
• (ii) m12 : Theoretical LE of NaCl is almost the same with experimental
LE of NaCl [1] m13 : as difference of electronegativity of Na and Cl is
significant therefore transfer of electron is complete [1] m14 :
Experimental value of LE in AgCl is much greater than theoretical
value [1] m15 : as transfer of electron in incomplete [1
2020 Q20

LEAD TETRACHLORIDE
• m1 : MCl4 is PbCl4 [1]
• m2 : PbCl4  PbCl2 + Cl2 [1]
• m3 : PbCl4 is easily decomposed even under room condition [1]
• m4 : due to large atomic radius Pb / great bond length Pb–Cl[1]
• m5 : therefore low bond strength of Pb–Cl [1]
2029 Q19

BP14 MELTING POINT

• m6 : Melting point Group 14 elements generally decreased
• m7 : C, Si and Ge have giant covalent structure [1]
• m8 : As atomic radius increased from C < Si < Ge [1]
• m9 : Bond length increased from C-C < Si-Si < Ge-Ge [1]
• m10 : Bond strength decreased from C-C > Si-Si > Ge-Ge [1]
• m11 : Sn and Pb have strong metal bond. [1]
• m12 : Pb has higher m.p. as it has face-center cubic [1]
m13 : PbO2 act as oxidising agent [1]
2020 U Q19

HOMOGENEOUS CATALYST
• m11 : Fe2+ act as homogeneous catalyst [1]
• m12 : as catalyst and reactants are in same state of matter [1]
• m13 : 2 Fe2+ + S2O8 2-  2 SO4 2- + 2 Fe3+ [1]
• m14 : 2 I- + 2 Fe3+  I2 + 2Fe2+ [1]
• m15 : Overall : 2 I- + S2O8 2-  2 SO4 2- + I2 [1]
• m16 : In this reaction, Fe2+ act as catalyst using the variation in
oxidation state and provide lower EA for the reaction [1
2021 Q19

Group 2 solubility
• m1 : Mg react with steam [1]
• m2 : as Mg react passively with water to form magnesium oxide
which is white solid and hydrogen gas [1]
• m3 : Mg (s) + H2 O (g)  MgO (s) + H2 [1]
• m4 : Ba react with cold water [1]
• m5 : reaction is vigorous and form clear alkaline solution [1]
• m6 : Ba (s) + 2 H2O (l)  Ba(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g) [1]
2021 Q19 b

solubility
• m7 : Since Hsoln = Hhyd – HLE [1]
• m8 : Hhyd is greater than HLE in MgSO4 [1]
• m9 : causing Hsoln to be exothermic hence soluble in water[1]
• m10 : HLE is greater than Hhyd in BaSO4 [1]
• m11 : Hsoln to be endothermic hence insoluble in water [1]
2021 Q19

Group 2 hydroxide
• m12 : basicity increase down Group 2 hydroxide [1]
• m13 : Be(OH)2 is amphoteric due to as it is an ionic compound with
high covalent characteristic since Be2+ has high charge density [1]
m14 : Be(OH)2 + 2 H+  Be2+ + 2 H2O [1]
• m15 : Be(OH)2 + 2 OH-  Be(OH)4 2- [1]
• m16 : Mg(OH)2 , Ca(OH)2 , Sr(OH)2 , Ba(OH)2 are basic since it react
with acid @ M(OH)2 + 2 H+  M2+ + 2 H2O [1]
Standard enthalpy

What enthalpy is negative / positive value ?

Enthalpy formation negative means? NaF -NaI (HF-HI) ,
REACTIVE?
Enthalpy solution negative means?

What is the E0 value for metal / non metal?

E0cell , Ecell
2021 Q20

gp 14 Solubility tetrachloride
• SiCl4, GeCl4, SnCl4 and PbCl4 undergoes hydrolysis in water [1]
• m2 : equation : MCl4 + 2 H2O  MO2 + 4 HCl [1]
• m3 : since Si, Ge, Sn and Pb have empty d-orbitals to coordinate water
molecule [1]

• m4 : CCl4 cannot undergoes hydrolysis in water [1]

• m5 : as it has two shell which has no empty d-orbital [1]
2021 Q20
Thermal stability gp 14
tetrachloride
• Thermal stability of MCl4 decrease down Group 14 tetrachloride [1]
m7 : CCl4 , SiCl4 and GeCl4 are thermally stable and do not
decomposed on heating [1]

• m8 : SnCl4 and PbCl4 decomposed on heating to form SnCl2 and

PbCl2 respectively and released chlorine gas. [1]
• m9 : PbCl4  PbCl2 + Cl2 [1]
• m10 : Due to atomic radius increase from C to Pb, causing the bond
length of M–Cl to increase, hence decrease the strength of M–Cl [1]
2021 Q19

Reactivity period 3 - oxygen

• reactivity with oxygen generally decreased across Period 3
2021 Q19

Period 3 IE
• m1 : ionisation energy generally increased [1]
• m2 : Nuclear charge increase as proton number increased [1]
• m3 : Screening effect remain almost constant ; electrons are filled in
the same shell [1] m4 : atomic radius decreased. [1]
• m5 : effective nuclear charge increased [1]
• m6 : Al has higher IE than Mg since Al has partial filled 3p orbitals
while Mg has complete filled 3s orbital [1]
• m7 : P has higher IE than S since S has partial filled 3p orbitals ; P has
half-filled 3p orbitals with extra stability [1]
2021 u Q20

Gp 17 Volatility
• m1 : volatility is the tendency of substance to evaporate under normal
atmospheric pressure [1] m2 : volatility decreased from Cl2 > Br2 > I2
[1] m3 : as they are simple covalent molecule hold by weak Van Der
Waals forces [1] m4 : strength of weak Van Der Waals forces increased
as the molecular size increased from Cl2 < Br2 < I2 [1]
2021u Q20

Gp17 Oxidizing agent

• m5 : as Cl ion and B rion react with con. sulphuric acid, it first act as
Bronsted Lowry acid [1] m6 : Eq : Cl- (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → HCl + HSO4
- (aq) [1] m7 : white fume released is HCl [1] m8 : as conc. H2SO4 is
weaker oxidising agent than Cl2 [1] m9 : conc. H2SO4 is stronger
oxidising agent than Br2 [1] m10 : bromide ion were further oxidised
by H2SO4 [1] m11 : 2 HBr + H2SO4 → Br2 + SO2 + 2 H2O [1] m12 :
reddish brown gas produced is bromine gas [1]
2021u q20

Gp 17 reactivity gp17
• m13 : reactivity of H2 with Cl2, Br2 and I2 decreased down Group 17
[1] m14 : H2 (g) + X2 (g) → 2 HX (g) [1] m15 : since the
electronegativity / strength as oxidising agent increased from I2 < Br2
< Cl2
2022u Q19

Gp2 carbonate
• m1 : Thermal stability of Group 2 carbonate increased down the
group [1]
• m2 : MCO3 → MO + CO2 [1]
• m3 : as ionic radius increased from Mg2+ to Ba2+ [1]
• m4 : Mg2+ ion has high charge density / polarising power [1]
• m5 - This weakens the C–O bond in the CO3 2- of MgCO3 / ionic bond
between Mg2+ and O2- is stronger [1]
2022u Q19

Gp2 sulphates
• MO + H2SO4 → MSO4 + H2O [1] m7 : MgSO4 formed is clear solution
[1] m8 : While CaSO4, SrSO4, BaSO4 formed white precipitate [1] m9 :
solubility of group 2 sulphate decrease down group 2 [1] m10 : Hsoln
= Hhyd - HLE [1] m11 : As the ionic radius increase down Group 2
[1] m12 : Both Hhyd and HLE decreased [1] m13 : However
decrease in Hhyd is more significant HLE due to large SO4 2- ion [1]
m14 : For MgSO4 since Hhyd > HLE, therefore Hsoln is exothermic
causing it to be soluble in water [1] m15 : For CaSO4, SrSO4, BaSO4
since Hhyd < HLE, therefore Hsoln is endothermic causing it to be
sparingly soluble [1]
2022u Q20

Gp 17 with acid sulphuric

• m1 : Reaction between KI with conc. H2SO4 is more vigorous than KCl
with conc. H2SO4 [1] m2 : Cl- + H2SO4 → HCl + HSO4 - [1] m3 : 8 HI +
H2SO4 → 4 I2 + H2S + 4 H2O [1] m4 : H2SO4 is stronger oxidising
agent than I2 [1] m5 : While H2SO4 is weaker oxidising agent than Cl2
[1]
2022 Q20

Gp 17 oxidizing agent
• m6 : X is iodine, or I2 [1] m7 : platinum is added as catalyst and form
equilibrium [1] m8 : H2 + I2 ↔ 2HI [1] m9 : redox reaction occur
between H2 and I2 [1] m10 : I2 act as oxidising agent in the reaction
[1] m11 : HX is soluble in water as it is strong acid and dissociate
completely in water [1] m12 : HX + H2O → H3O+ + X- [1] m13 : when
AgNO3 added to X- , a yellow precipitate form [1] m14 : AgNO3 + X- →
AgX + NO3 - [1] m15 : AgI is insoluble in water ;does not form complex
ion [1]
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