CLIMATE CHANGE AND

SURFACE WATER
QUALITY
Thirteenth ICMSEM

Presented by Acad., Professor Gheorghe Duca

Ontario, Canada
August 5-8, 2019
Main Problems faced by the People
(WFS, prof.Antonino Zichichi)
1. Water
2. Soil
3. Food
4. Energy
5. Pollution
6. Climate change
7. Limits in development
8. Demographic problem
9. Globalization
10. Science and innovation in developing countries
11. Culture pollution
12. Traffic and substitution of organs
13. Common protection against the cosmic objects
14. Prevention of the world war
Top 10 Fears in USA
Climate change and
Water Polution
 WATER in XXI century
 If the history of the 20th century was
written under the symbol of oil, both the
development and the wars wearing the seal
of it, the XXI century begins to be
increasingly marked by climate change and
water shortages.
 Water is the gold of XXI century
 The outcry of XXI century farmers:
„We want water!”
“Water” in different languages

Latin - aqua
Romanian - apă
Italian - acqua
Spanish- agua
Catalonian – aigua
Franceza - eau

German - Wasser
English - Water
Danish - vand
Russian – вода

Chineza – shui
Japoneza – mizu
Hindi - paanee
Pollution - Problem of the
Century!

It is necessary to prevent
pollution!
Average temperature and
precipitation in Moldova
Management of Quality of Water
• "There is a water crisis today? But the
crisis is not about having too little water to
satisfy our needs. It is a crisis of managing
water so badly that billions of people and
the environment - suffer badly." World
Water Vision Report
 The main factors to assure
water quality
Human and economic activity;
Climate change effects, including floods and droughts ;
Geographical aspects and transboundary pollutions;
Redox processes and ability to self-purification of waters;
Expected impact of diminishing water resources, especially by small rivers and
attributes;
Ad-hoc evacuations of pollutants to the rivers;
Damps impact and waters overexploitation of to the waters quality and
biodiversity of biota;
Assessment and foresight of water ecosystems impact on cross-cutting
challenges (climate change, floods, biodiversity, resource efficiency, etc.)
Foster cooperation and widen scientific excellence in European Neighborhood
Countries
Impact on the quality of water resources
conditioned by climate change
1. High temperature, heat waves will reduce: annual
reduction of flow, causing deepening groundwater canvas
and overall change of water quality.
2. Change in the rainfall system will modify
3. hydro-biological regime, causing reduced flow of small
rivers and high water deficit
4. Extreme phenomena, like droughts and floods will
intensify:
a) High dilution of sediments,
b) High volume of sediments
c) High volume of nutritive substances, pathogens and
toxins transported in water
Statistical approaches to analysing trends by 2015 in groundwater quality –
Marianne Stuart – Isonitrate Conference – 10/11 December 2009 – Paris –
UNESCO (Marea Britanie)

Nitrate trends in water:

21% steady-state trend;
33% vary seasonally;
average growth trend - 0.34
mg / L NO3 per year;
In 2001 34% of the sources
exceeded the limit of 50 mg / L
of nitrates (winter);
Until 2015, 41% had exceeded
50 mg / L.
GIS map of nitrate-ΝΟ3 (mg/l) variability of the groundwater of the 17
watersheds delineation areas.
GIS map of the zones of nitrate groundwater pollution.
Greece
• According to the UN, at present, water shortages affect
more than 40% of the population on earth.
• The Pope of Rome predicts a world war because of
drinking water.
• "The figures published by the UN can not leave one
indifferent. Every day, thousands of children die of water-
related diseases. Contaminated water is consumed by
millions of people every day. We have to stop and turn the
situation to positive values. Fortunately, it is not
impossible, but it is an urgent matter, "said the Pope of
Rome.
• The Pontiff called on politicians, scientists, business
leaders and believers to mobilize efforts to bring people the
idea of the urgent need to protect water supplies and to
ensure that clean water is available to as many people as
possible.
California is already desalinating ocean water
 Risks for water resources determined by climate change
Category
High temperature, heatwaves
Change in the rainfall system
Extreme phenomena: droughts,
floods
Impact on water Socio-economic
impact
Annual reduction of flow
Deepening groundwater canvas
Change of water quality
Change of hydro-biological regime
Reduced flow of small rivers
High water deficit
High dilution of sediments
High volume of sediments
High volume of nutritive
substances, pathogens and toxins
transported in water
Low flux and reduced dilution
capacity, reduced dissolved
oxygen, high water deficit
Reduce accessibility for use
Increased demand for irrigation
Increased water pollution
Adverse effects on health in low
income areas
Additional requirements for
drinking water treatment
Risk of loss of water quality
High risk of salinization
Conflicts among water users
High erosion
Deterioration of infrastructure
Increased spending's for remedies
High production of algae,
increased content of bacteria and
fungi which affect health of
population, ecosystems,
agriculture, water security
Trends in air temperature change in
regional and national aspect
 We should mention that the south, southeastern and central parts of the country registered a negative trend, i.e. a
decrease of the air temperature during the period of 1961-1990 (fig. 2a), and in the north and north-east the increasing
trend by 0.3oC was observed. Temperature increase is registered in the entire area during 1981-2010, with its significant
footprint in the southern part of the country (fig.2b). So, if the trend is 1.5 ... 1.6 oC in the north, then the temperatures
increase faster by 0.7oC, summing up to 2.3oC in the southern extremity.
 As it can be seen, between 1961 and 1990, the phenomenon of "dryness and heat" is manifested with a
reduced intensity (3-7 days), for the most part of the country, which means that agricultural crops are not
generally affected by the heat stress generated by air temperatures above 25 ° C and relative air humidity
below 30% frequently. Locally, in the southern part of the country, the phenomenon of "heat" shows a
higher intensity (10 days). Between 1981 and 2010, the area affected by the heat is expanding, showing a
"pole" in the center, in the west of the country and in the southwest of the territory (fig.3a, fig.3.b),
determined largely by the magnitude of the synoptic processes which generates these phenomena.
B riceni

S oroca

C am enca

B alti

Falesti
Thus, during
C ornesti B ravicea
certain years (2015), the
phenomenon of dryness
B altata and drought can exceed
C hisinau the multi-year average
Tiraspol values by 7-8 times (fig.
4), while having
different trajectories,
Leova i.e. spatial distributions.
C om rat

C ahul

The phenomenon of dryness and heat in some concrete

years (2015))
 As a conclusion we can state that at the
national level, the accelerated pace of climate
change contributes to the intensification of the
desertification and heat waves, with the
highlighting of the long periods of manifestation
in the last years (2009, 2012, 2015, etc.). At the
same time, the observed spatial differentiation
demonstrates the presence of the multitude of
current climate conditions caused by climate
change. s a
 Air temperature has increased in our country in the
last century, above the global average and the one
recorded in Europe. Thus, during the period 1901-2000,
the average annual average temperature increase was 0.6
° C, in Romania it was below the global average of 0.3 ° C,
and in the Republic of Moldova it consisted of 0.9 ° C, ie
above the global average of 0.3 ° C. Another comparative
analysis of the regional data with the national ones comes
to confirm the accelerated pace for the territory of the
Republic of Moldova: in the period 1901-2006, the global
increase was 0.74 ° C, in Romania 0.5 ° C, and in Republic
of Moldova of 1.06 ° C .
 If, according to [1], during the last two decades
the manifestation of the very warm years had a
repeatability of once in 2 years (tab.1), with the
inclusion of the last 6 years we find that 8 years of the
top 10 very warm (1887-2017), belong to the period
2000-2017 (2007, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2009, 2008, 2000,
2012). The 11th year is 2013, which in the previous
study period (1887-2016) ranked 10th in the top of the
hot years. We note the significant share of the last
three years in estimating the climate warming trend at
regional level. Thus, only with the inclusion of the last
year 2017, the trend values increase by 0.0006 oC, ie
from 0.0123oC / year (1887-2016) to 0.01290C / year
(1887-2017), for the whole series of instrumental
observations.
40,00
Sc.tot, km3
38,00 E0 – evaporability
36,00 P, km3
34,00 P- Precipitation E0,km3
32,00
30,00
28,00
26,00
24,00
22,00
20,00
18,00
16,00
14,00
12,00
10,00
8,00
6,00
4,00
2,00
0,00
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
At the same time, the analysis of total surface water runoff, of atmospheric
precipitations during the warm season and of evaporability reveals a decrease
in total surface water runoff on the background of increasing evaporation
where the
concentration
of pollutants
(in the Manta
and Beleu
lakes) naturally
doubles due to
the intensive
evaporation in
the years of
extreme
droughts
(2012)
 AUTHORS OF PRESENTATION
CLIMATIC CHANGES AND
SURFACE WATER QUALITY
1
Gheorghe DUCA, 2MARIA NEDEALCOV,
3
VIORICA GLADCHI, 4 SERGHEI TRAVIN,

1
Academy of Sciences of Moldova,
2
Institute Ecology and Geography
3
Moldova State University
4
Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of
Sciences,
 Academician Maria Nedealcov,
Head of Ecological and Geografical Institute
 Doctor of Science,
Dean of Chemistry and Technology Faculty of MSU,
Gladchi Viorica
Academicion, prof. Serghei
Travin