GENERAL

MATHEMATICS
LOGARITHMS
 INTRODUCTION TO LOGARITHMS
• "Logarithm" is a word made up by
Scottish mathematician John Napier
(1550-1617), from the Greek
word logos meaning "proportion,
ratio or word" and arithmos meaning
"number", ... which together makes
"ratio-number" !

• published his discovery of

logarithms in 1614
 LOGARITHMS
DEFINITION:
 It is the exponent or power to which a base must be raised to
yield a given number.
 Let b, x, and N be positive real numbers such that b ≠ 1. The
logarithm of N with base b is denoted by and is defined as

if and only if

LOGARITHMIC FORM EXPONENTIAL FORM

Rewrite the following logarithmic equations in exponential form.

b=2
1. N=8
x=3

2.

3.
Rewrite the following exponential in logarithmic form.

b=5
1. N=5
x=1

2.

3.
 COMMON LOGARITHMS
• Common logarithms are logarithms with base 10; is a short
notation for .

𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1000=4 log 1000=4

−2
10 =0.01 log 0.01=− 2
2
10 =100 log 100=2
 NATURAL LOGARITHMS
• Natural logarithms are logarithms to the base e and are denoted by
“”. In other words, is another way of writing .
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 ¿ 2
2
𝑒 =𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 ¿ 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 8 ¿ 𝑎
𝑎
𝑒 =8
𝑙𝑛 8 ¿ 𝑎
 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS, EQUATIONS
AND INEQUALITIES
LOGARITHMIC LOGARITHMIC LOGARITHMIC
EQUATION INEQUALITY FUNCTION
An equation An Function of
involving inequality the form
DEFINITION logarithms involving
logarithms

EXAMPLE
 Determine whether the given is a logarithmic function,
a logarithmic equation, or logarithmic inequality.

Logarithmic Function
2.
Logarithmic Function
3.
Logarithmic Equation
4.
Logarithmic Inequality
5.
Logarithmic Equation
 Determine whether the given is a logarithmic function,
a logarithmic equation, or logarithmic inequality.

Logarithmic Inequality
2.
Logarithmic Function
3.
Logarithmic Function
4.
Logarithmic Equation
5.
Logarithmic Equation
BASIC PROPERTIES AND
LAWS OF LOGARITHM
DEFINITION
Let b and x be real numbers such that b > 0
and b ≠ 1, the basic properties of logarithms
are as follows;

1.
2.
3.
PROPERTY 1:

EXAMPLE
S:
1.) 0 3.) 0

2.) 0 4.) 0
PROPERTY 2:
EXAMPLE
S:
2 3.)
1.) 4.)

2.) -3 5

3
PROPERTY 3:
EXAMPLE
S:

1.) 2 3.) 20

2.) 4.)
Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of the following
logarithmic expressions

1. 1 4. 0
2. 5 5. −2
3.
 LAWS OF
LOGARITHMS
1. LOGARITHM OF A PRODUCT
The logarithm of a product is equal to the sum of the logarithms
of its factors
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑀𝑁=𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑀+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑁
EXAMPL
E:
a.) ¿𝑙𝑜𝑔 (2)(3)
5
¿ 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 6
b.) ¿𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥)(𝑥+1)
¿𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥¿¿ 2+𝑥)¿

c.) ¿𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥+ 1)(𝑥 −1)

2
¿ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ¿− 𝑥+𝑥−1¿
2
2
¿ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2(𝑥 −1)
2. LOGARITHM OF A QUOTIENT
The logarithm of a quotient is equal to the logarithm of the
numerator minus the logarithm of denominator.

EXAMPL
E:
a.) ¿𝑙𝑜𝑔 3
b.) ¿𝑙𝑜𝑔 3
¿ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3 (4 )

c.) ¿ 𝑙𝑛
3. LOGARITHM OF A POWER
The logarithm of a power is equal to the product of the
exponent and the logarithm of the base M
𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑀 =𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑀
EXAMPL
¿ 𝑙𝑜𝑔56
2
E:
a.) ¿𝑙𝑜𝑔
23
b.)
¿ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 8 ¿ 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 36

c.) ¿ 𝑙𝑜𝑔5𝑥 3
EXAMPLES
: ¿ 𝑙𝑜𝑔
2
𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔 4

¿
¿𝑙𝑜𝑔5𝑥 −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
2 3

¿
EXAMPLES
: ¿ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 +𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 𝑥
𝑥
5

5
¿ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 ( 𝑥 )( 𝑥 )
6
¿ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 ( 𝑥 )
SEATWORK #2
Use the laws of logarithms to condense the expressions as a single
logarithm.
1.

2.

3.
 SOLVING
LOGARITHMIC
EQUATION
 LOGARITHMIC EQUATION
• An equation involving logarithms.
𝐸 𝑋 : 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2=4 𝑙 𝑜𝑔 10=1 𝑙 𝑛 1=0
𝑥

Steps in Solving Logarithmic Equation

1. Isolate the Logarithmic term on one side of the
equation and combine logarithmic term if possible.
2. Write the equation in exponential form.
3. Solve the variable.
EXAMPLE 1: Solve the equation

2 𝑥=10
2 2

𝑥=5
𝑇𝑜 𝑐h𝑒𝑐𝑘 : 𝑥=5
𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 ( 2 𝑥 )=𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 10
𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 ( 2 ) (5)=𝑙𝑜𝑔4 10
𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 10=𝑙𝑜𝑔4 10
EXAMPLE 2: Solve the equation

𝑙𝑜𝑔3 ( 2 𝑥 −1 ) =2
2
3 =2 𝑥 −1 Write the equation in exponential form.

9=2 𝑥 −1 Solve the variable.

9+ 1=2 𝑥
1 0=2 𝑥
𝑥=5
EXAMPLE 3: Solve the equation

𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥=3
3
2 =𝑥
8=𝑥
𝑥=8
EXAMPLE 4: Solve the equation

𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 25=2
2
𝑥 =25

𝑥=5
EXAMPLE 5: Solve the equation

𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ( 𝑥+1 ) ( 𝑥 −1)=3

3
2 =( 𝑥+1 ) (𝑥 −1)
8=¿𝑥 𝑥 +𝑥 −1
−
2

2
8=𝑥 − 1
2
8 +1= 𝑥
2
𝑥 =9
𝑥=3
EXAMPLE 6: Solve the equation

5
𝑥 =32
√ 𝑥 =√ 32
5 5 5

𝑥=2
EXAMPLE 7: Solve the equation
EXAMPLE 8: Solve the equation
2
𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥 −2=𝑙𝑛 ⁡9 𝑥 −17
2
𝑥 + 𝑥 −2=⁡9 𝑥 −17
2
𝑥 + 𝑥 −9 𝑥 −2+ 17=⁡0
2
𝑥 − 8 𝑥 +15=⁡0
( 𝑥 −5 )( 𝑥 − 3 ) =0
𝑥 −5=0 𝑥 −3=0
𝑥=5 𝑥=3
 DLP #2
 Solve the following equations;