Diabetes

Presented by Maryam Khan

Ck-21-110-112
 Table Of Contents
01 Introduction 02 Types

03 Signs/Symptoms 04 Risk Factors

05 Pathophysiology 06 Diagnosis

07 Treatment/MNTs
 Introduction
What is Diabetes?
 Diabetes describes a group of metabolic disease in
which person has high blood glucose, either because
insulin production is inadequate, or because the body’s
cell do not respond properly to insulin or both.
 Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the
pancreas is no longer able to make insulin, or when the
body cannot make good use of the insulin it produces.
 Insulin Production

Panceras produce
insulin according
to the blood glucose
level
 What Happens when there is a
problem with
insulin production?

 Glucose in blood is not able to go into the cells.

 The cells can’t meet energy needs and energy is tried to be
provided from “fat and protein”
 Using ‘fat’ as the energy source results the increasing of ketone
in the body
 With the usage of protein as energy source,
the patient feels themselves tired and
sluggish.
 If blood glucose is too high, it is tried to be
thrown away by kidneys, so the patients
begin to urinate so often
 As a result, the patients feel thirsty and start
to drink a lot.
 On the other hand, despite eating so often
and a lot ,the patient lose weight
 Types Of Diabetes
Type 1 or
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Type 2
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Gestational Diabetes
Diabetes Type 1

 Also known as juvenile diabetes, type 1

diabetes is most common in children but
can be diagnosed at any age. About 10%
of people with diabetes have type 1.
 It is an autoimmune condition that
permanently destroys beta cells (insulin-
producing cells) in the pancreas. This
means that the body can no longer
produce insulin.
 What Causes Type 1
Diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes causes can be any kind of illness,
including the common cold. Here are the most common
causes:
 Viral infection:
Researchers believe that type 1 diabetes can be triggered
by a virus, such as the common flu or cold. Frequently,
type 1 diabetes comes on in the weeks following a viral
infection, such as mumps, measles, influenza, polio.
 Injury to or removal of the pancreas.
Very rarely, type 1 diabetes can be triggered by an injury
or trauma to the pancreas. Whenever the pancreas is
surgically removed, the body also loses the ability to
produce insulin.
Signs and Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes?
 Diabetes Type 2
 Type 2 diabetes occurs when your blood sugar levels become elevated, and you
develop insulin resistance.
 During insulin resistance, your body is no longer able to effectively respond
to insulin, making it unable to fully absorb and use the sugar from the from the
food you eat for energy.
 As a result, that sugar then stays in your blood, and can eventually bring about
a chronic condition that can lead to serious health issues if it is not treated and
managed.
 However, when type 2 diabetes is caught and addressed early, this process is
completely reversible, and many of the symptoms and complications can be
avoided.
 Overweight and obese people have a much higher risk of developing type 2
diabetes compared to those with a healthy body weight
 What causes diabetes type 2?
There are two key players involved.
Your pancreas produces insulin in response to food ingestion and elevated
blood sugar levels.
Insulin is the hormone that facilitates your body’s absorption and use of
carbohydrates, which it breaks down into sugar.
When you have type 2 diabetes, your insulin response no longer functions as it
should.
This causes the following to happen:
1. Your muscles, liver, and fat (also known as peripheral tissues) become
insulin resistant, which means they no longer respond to insulin and are
unable absorb and use glucose.
2. The beta cells in your pancreas become exhausted and can no longer
produce sufficient insulin.
Can Obesity Cause Type 2 Diabetes?
Complications
The diabetes complications are

• Heart problems
• Neuropathy in limbs
• Kidney disease
• Liver problems
• Eye damage
• Hearing impairment
• Dementia
• Sleep apnea
• Skin problems, including
fungal and bacterial
infections
 Gestational diabetes
 Gestational diabetes mellitus is a medical
condition that occurs first time at the time of
pregnancy, which results in a rapid increase
in blood glucose levels.
 This type affects females during pregnancy.
 Most gestational diabetes patients can control
their diabetes with exercise and diet.
 Undiagnosed or uncontrolled gestational
diabetes can raise the risk of complications
during childbirth.
Pathophysiology-GDM
• Gestational Diabetes Mellitus resembles type 2 DM
in several Aspects.
• Involves a combination of relatively inadequate
insulin secretion and responsiveness.
• Occurs in about 2-10% of all pregnancies and may
improve or disappear after delivery.
• After pregnancy approx. 5-10% of women with
gestational diabetes are found to have diabetes
mellitus mostly type 2
Diagnosis
MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY