CHI SQUARE

METER
A Pearson’s chi- Two types:
square test is a
1. The chi-square goodness of fi t test is used to
statistical test for
test whether the frequency distribution of a
categorical data. It is categorical variable is diff erent from your

used to determine expectations.

whether your data are 2. The chi-square test of independence is used

to test whether two categorical variables are
signifi cantly diff erent
related to each other.
from what you
expected
Formula
Where:

• Χ is the chi-square test statistic

2

• Σ is the summation operator (it means

“take the sum of ”)

• O is the observed frequency

• E is the expected frequency

Chi-square goodness of fi t test
You can use a chi-square goodness of fi t test
when you have one categorical variable. It allows
you to test whether the frequency distribution of
the categorical variable is signifi cantly diff erent
from your expectations. Of ten, but not always,
the expectation is that the categories will have
equal propor tions.
Chi-square test of independence

You can use a chi-square test of independence when you

have two categorical variables. It allows you to test whether the
two variables are related to each other. If two variables are
independent (unrelated), the probability of belonging to a certain
group of one variable isn’t aff ected by the other variable.