Islamic Economics II

Dr. Ameenullah Aman

ameenullahaman.s@gmail.com
Conventional Economic System
What is Economics?

“Efficient utilization of limited resources so

that maximum needs and want can be
satisfied.”
Objectives of the economics
 Determination of Priorities;
◦ What to produce?
◦ Various policies – monitory, trade, labour and taxation etc. etc.;
◦ Micro and macroeconomics;
 Allocation of Resources (Land, Labor, Capital, Entrepreneur);
◦ Where and how to allocate?
◦ What are the resources of wealth generation?
 Distribution of Income;
◦ How to distribute the income between members of the society?
◦ Primary and secondary levels of wealth owners;
 Development;
◦ Future planning of creation of wealth;
 Comparison of Capitalism & Socialism

Capitalism Socialism

Determination of .1 Every individual has No individual has the

Priorities unconditional & right to participate
absolute right to in any business
participate in any .independently
business to maximize State will determine the
profits priorities as per the
Concept of Selfish .overall planning
Interest Concept of collective
Supply & Demand will .interest
determine the
.priorities
Allocation of .2 Market forces will Govt. will decide
Resources decide where to where to
invest resources allocate
resources
Development .3 Market forces will
decide Govt. will decide
 Comparison of Capitalism & Socialism

Capitalism Socialism

Distribution of .4 Land - Rent Land – Rent fixed by

Income Labor - Wages .Govt
Capital- Interest Labor – Wages fixed by
.Govt
Entrepreneur- Profits

Right to wealth is
Right to wealth is
Right to Wealth .5 with the Govt.
with the factors
which then
of production
distributes it
.only
among the
factors of
.production

Islamic Finance - Demystified

Flaws of Capitalism

 No bindings/ restrictions while maximizing profits.

 Blindly follows market forces that creates exploitation of
labor & poor people.
 No moral value limitations.
 Monopolies & Cartels are created that exploit the society
as a whole.
 Government & Industrialists join hands for mutual
benefit and make laws that exploit common people.
 Imbalance in the distribution of income due to which
concentration of wealth takes place.

Islamic Finance - Demystified

Flaws of Socialism

 The other extreme of not even giving the natural

freedom.
 Perfect Planning is assumed to be the “Cure of all ills”.
 Governments are assumed to be angels which can’t
commit a deliberate mistake.
 Cannot work without forceful dictatorship.
 Creates overall inefficiency in the society. There is no
incentive to work efficiently as there is no individual
profit motive.

Islamic Finance - Demystified

Issues in both the systems
Both systems failed in their claims of equality
and efficiency;
Both have created lots of issues for this world;
As we have discussed both the systems were
developed by non believers and under pure
logical approaches there are sever contradictions
with injunctions of Islam;
Interest in capitalism and prohibition of private
ownership in Socialism both are unacceptable to
Islam;
Modern economics and Islamic perspective

Keeping in view the discussion we can easily

summarize that the Islamic model will be
mixed version of various theories that may
have been presented by many schools of
thoughts including but not limited Capitalism
and Socialism;
The difference will be in main theory and its
application.
Islamic Economic System

 Islam accepts the market forces of supply and

demand- Reference of Holy Quran.

 Islam accepts the right to private property and

accepts the right to maximize profits. But these rights
are not unbridled and un conditional rather there are
some prohibitions.

Islamic Finance - Demystified

Right to Wealth in Islam
 In both Capitalism & Socialism the right to wealth is with those
factors of production only that have taken part directly in the
process of production.

 Islam believes that the original ownership of everything is with

Allah and without Allah’s “Taufeeq” no factor of production can
produce anything.

ALLAH
Factors of Production Zakat, Ushr
Wirasat, Sadqaat
..Qurbani etc

Secondary owners of wealth

Islamic Economic System- The
prohibitions & considerations
1. Divine Prohibitions:
Islam has prohibited some economic activities that are not allowed
at any time at any place.( Interest, Gambling, Hoarding etc.)

2. Govt. Restrictions:
Islam allows Govt. to intervene where it feels appropriate , but
these restrictions are temporary as per the need of the time.

3. Moral Considerations & Restrictions

Life in this world is temporary and there is an eternal life after
words. One has to make this worldly life a way to get the
maximum benefit in the life hereafter.
Factors of production of wealth

Land Labour Capital Entrepreneur

Human
 Physical  The owner

Piece of land; 
capital:

Natural employed − All men made tools
products; and equipments;
 Financial
capital:
− Funds to buy
physical capital ;

Wealth (Goods and Services)

 Rent if not  Rent for physical  Profit (left after
owned by the
capital; deduction of
owner; Wages  Interest on payment to
 Free if owned by
financial capital; above three;
the owner
Factors of Production of Production in
Islamic Economic System

 In Islam there are three factors of production

1. Land 2. Labor 3. Enterpreneur

 Entrepreneur & Capital is a single factor of production.

 As interest is Haram hence the risk of profit & loss is with the
capital.

 Anyone investing capital must also take the risk of the

investment.

Islamic Finance - Demystified

What is Islamic economics and how it
differs from conventional economics?
Adherence to general guidelines and objectives of
Shari'ah. Concept of Halal and Haram and Maqasid
ul Shari'ah i.e. theory of safeguarding faith (deen),
life (nafs), intellect (‘aql), posterity (nasl), and
wealth (maal);
Whatever hurts these objectives and basics of
Shari'ah is not acceptable to Islam and its removal is
desirable.
Adherence to guidelines of general dealings and
Mua'amlaat guidelines: e.g. prohibition of harmful
economic activities like impermissible ways of
wealth creation (Akl Bil Baatil), compulsion of law
of contract, deconcentration of wealth, prohibition of
bribing, hoarding and other unjust ways of dealings;
Islamic Economic System
Adherence to specific economic guidelines of
Shari'ah like prohibition of Riba, Gharar, Qimar,
short sale, buy back etc. etc.
Summary of The Comparison

 Capitalism gives unbridled and un-conditional right to profit

motive and private ownership, while socialism goes to other
extreme by assuming that perfect planning by the govt. is the
cure of all ills.
 Islam gives a balance view among the two extremes by
recognizing the right to private ownership, market forces and
profit motive but under the restrictions of:
 1. Divine restrictions
2. Govt. restrictions
3. Moral considerations
 Islam ensures equitable distribution of wealth through the
concept of primary and secondary ownership.
 All these factors combined have a cumulative effect of achieving
the well being of all members of the human society.

Islamic Finance - Demystified

Architecture of Islamic economic model
- Absolute freedom;
Mixed Economy

Controlled Economy

6 5
7

8 9
12
1 2

10 11

- Absolute control
Free Economy

Islamic Economy
New era in economics

Free market or Self-regulated market or efficient market

Welfare US economy
Russian economy
states economy
Chines economy EU economy

Pure controlled
economy │││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││
Mixed economy Pure market
economy
Questions???