Porosity & Permeability Grope C1

University
of Zakho

Porosity and Permeability

Prepared by :

1. Ahmad Haji
2. Sarmand Sulieman
3. Bahzad Nayef

Supervised by: Mr. Alaa

Porosity & Permeability List of Content
No Subjects Page
1 Introduction to porosity 3-5
2 Types of porosity 6-8

3 Porous rocks 9

4 Some factors affecting 10-16

porosity
5 Introduction to permeability 17
6 Types of permeability 18-19
7 Darcy Equation 20-21

8 Reference 22
Reservoir Rock Properties Group E1
 Porosity Introduction

What is reservoir rock?

 Reservoir rocks are rocks that have the ability to
store fluids inside their pores, so that the fluids
(water, oil, and gas) can be accumulated.

 Source rocks are rocks that contain sufficient

organic material to create hydrocarbons when
subjected to heat and pressure over time. Source
rocks are usually shales or limestones
(sedimentary rocks).
 Cap rocks are relatively impermeable rocks layers
that seal the top of reservoirs and other geologic
formations
Reservoir Rock Properties Ahmed Haji
 Porosity Introduction
Petroleum trap
A. Structural traps

Anticlinal trap Fault trap

Reservoir Rock Properties Ahmed Haji

 Porosity Introduction
Petroleum trap

B .Stratigraphic trap

Salt dome trap

Reservoir Rock Properties Ahmed Haji

 porosity Types of porosity

There is two types of porosity :

 Primary porosity : porosity that occurred

at the time of rock deposition .

Porosity and permeability Ahmed Haji

 porosity Types of porosity

 Secondary porosity :porosity developed after

deposition .

Porosity and permeability Ahmed Haji

 porosity Types of porosity

• They are further subdivided into :

1. Total porosity
2. fracture porosity
3. Micro porosity
4. vugular porosity
5. Intragranular porosity

Porosity and permeability Ahmed Haji

 porosity Porous rocks

Shale Lime stone Sand stone

Porosity and permeability Ahmed Haji

 Porosity Types of Porosity
Porosity can be classified into
• Effective porosity: is the ratio of the
connected pore volume to the bulk
volume.

• Absolute porosity: is the ratio of all voids

in the rock to the bulk volume of the
rock.

Reservoir Rock Properties Sarmand Sulieman

 Porosity

Some factors affecting porosity:

a) Primary factors
1. Sorting
2. Particle packing

b) secondary factors
3. Cementing materials
4. Overburden pressure (compaction)
5. Vugs, dissolution, and fractures

reservoir rock properties Sarmand Sulieman

 Porosity Primary factors

1. Sorting
- If all particles are the same size, they are sorted.
Well sorted = particles all of the same size.
- If the particles are different sizes, they are unsorted (poorly sorted)

reservoir rock properties Sarmand Sulieman

 Porosity Primary factors

2. particle packing
Different packing will lead to different porosities.

 cubic packing has the highest porosity

(47.6%)

reservoir rock properties Sarmand Sulieman

 Porosity Secondary factors

1. Cementing materials
Groundwater moves between the grains and leaves behind mineral
deposits, bonding the grains to each other.

reservoir rock properties Sarmand Sulieman

 Porosity Secondary factors

2. Overburden pressure (compaction)

The weight of new layers can squeeze older sediments tightly together.
The process that presses sediments together is compaction.
negative effect on porosity.

reservoir rock properties Sarmand Sulieman

 Porosity Secondary factors

3. Vugs, dissolution, and fractures

Dissolution is when the minerals dissolve over time

Vugs are large pores formed by dissolution.
Fracture is a break in a rock formation.

these will increase the porosity of a rock

reservoir rock properties Sarmand Sulieman

 Permeability Introduction
 What is Permeability ?

Permeability is a property of a porous

material that determines how easily fluid
flows through the interconnected voids of
that material (Rocks/sand).

 Units

Units of area open pore space in the section  The common units of
that faces or is perpendicular to the direction permeability is DARCY
of flow. (darcy)

Reservoir Rock Properties Bahzad Nayef

 Permeability

 k is a very important rock property

because it controls the directional
movement and the flow rate of the
reservoir fluids in the formation.

 There are 3 types of permeability:

• Absolute
• Effective
• Relative

Reservoir Rock Properties Bahzad Nayef

 Permeability types of permeability
 Absolute Permeability:
If the porous medium is completely saturated with a
single fluid.

 Effective Permeability:
when the medium is saturated with more than one fluid
(Ko, Kw, Kg).

 Relative permeability:
(Kr) is defined as the ratio of effective permeability to
absolute permeability of a porous medium.
Reservoir Rock Properties Bahzad Nayef
 Permeability Darcy
 Darcy Equation :
q=
• q= Flow rate
• k= Absolute Permeability
• P= Pressure
• = Viscosity
• L= Distance
• A= Cross-sectional

Reservoir Rock Properties Bahzad Nayef

 Permeability Darcy
 Darcy Equation for the permeability :

𝒒𝝁 𝑳
𝒌=
𝑨( 𝑷 𝟏 − 𝑷 𝟐 )

Parameter Darcy Units Oilfield Units

 Different units when
q( Flow rate ) or
Dealing with Permeability
k( Permeability )

L( Distance )

A( Area )

P( Pressure )

Reservoir Rock Properties Bahzad Nayef

Porosity & Permeability Reference
• https://www.geomore.com/porosity-and-permeability-2/

• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/naturally-fractured-reservoir
• https://www.open.edu/openlearn/nature-environment/environmental-studies/gr
oundwater/content-section-5
• https://connect.spe.org/blogs/donatien-ishimwe/2014/09/29/reservoir-rock-pro
perties
• https://books.gw-project.org/hydrogeologic-properties-of-earth-materials-and-
principles-of-groundwater-flow/chapter/primary-and-secondary-porosity/

Reservoir Rock Properties Grope E

Porosity & Permeability Questions

Reservoir Rock Properties Grope C1