‫كــلــيـــة هــنــدســــة الــبــتــرول‬

‫‪Faculty of petroleum engineering‬‬

‫مقدمة في هندسة البترول‬

‫‪Introduction to Petroleum Engineering‬‬

‫الجزء الثاني‬

‫الفصل األول – العام الدراسي ‪2015 -2014‬‬

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Sedimentary Rocks

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Transportation of sediments and formation of sedimentary
rocks by mode of river water- deposition on the continent
and on the ocean floor.

Fluvial deposits

Marine deposits

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 CLASTIC ROCKS
• formed from broken rock fragments weathered
and eroded by river, glacier, wind and sea waves.
These clastic sediments are found deposited on
floodplains, beaches, in desert and on the sea
floors.

solidify Clastic rocks

• Clastic rocks are classified on the basis of the

grain size: conglomerate, sandstone, shale etc.
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 GRAIN SIZE

Gravel Sand Silt Clay

>256-2 mm 2- 0.062 mm 0.062-0.004 mm <0.004 mm

Boulder: >256mm

Cobble: 64-256 mm

Pebble: 4-64 mm

Granule: 2-4mm
Fine gravel

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• Clastic rocks mainly
comprise broken
fragment of older rock
– they are also know
as Terrigenous rocks

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Matrix: Cement:
is the finer grains dissolved
or material that substance that
surrounds the bounds the
larger clasts. It
consist of either
sediments.
clay, silt and sand. 1. Calcareous
2. siliceous

Fine-gravel/
Any rock fragment Granule
(size is > 4 mm=Pebble) (size <4mm) 8
Degree of roundness helps in knowing the distance of transportation

•Angular clasts- short distance transport from the source

•Rounded clasts- long distance transport

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 When clastic fragments are Similarly when angular clasts
cemented or undergo consolidation undergo consolidation they are
they are called called BRECCIA
CONGLOMERATES

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 Sorting of the sediments also suggest the mode of deposition and
transportation.
Long distance transport= well-rounded and well-sorted sediments,
Short distance transport = poorly sorted angular grains.
Also helps in knowing the energy conditions of the river.
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 IMPORTANCE
• CONGLOMERATE comprise clastic sediments like
pebbles and cobbles (heterogeneous)

• If the cementation is good (voids between the clasts) = then the

conglomerate will be hard and competent hence act as strong
foundation, but not good rock for ground water source.

• However, if the cementation is poor = it makes the rock more porous

with high porosity = act as good reserve for ground water (aquifer), but
is undesirable at the site for foundation of major CE structures.

• Due to heavy seepage along the conglomerate may result in failure by

sliding. Eg. Failure of St. Francis dam, US.

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 Cementation:
• Cementing material is usually secondary
Silica (Siliceous cement), Calcium carbonate
(Carbonate cement), Iron rich (ferruginous
cement)
• Cement itself to some extent is the source of
weakness in the sedimentary rocks

• Because cementing material and the clastic

sediments are usually of different
composition, leading to heterogeneity in
their physical characteristics. 13
Different type of Sst. (based on their composition)

Quartz Sst.
Arkose (Feldspar)

Graywacke/lithic arenite
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 SHALE
• Shales are clastic rocks, made up
mainly fine silt/clay
• They are most abundant
sedimentary rocks, accounts for
about 80% of them
• Often contain fossils
• Mostly hydrous aluminum
silicate in composition = from
weathered feldspars
• Deposition takes place under low
fluvial regime or under weak
water current. Eg. Offshore or in
Shale-fissile Lagoon

• Shales are made of fine well sorted silt and clayey sediments, where
normally one can expect high porosity and permeability.

•But due to surface tension phenomenon of water and extremely fine

intergranular space shales are impermeable, hence does not yield water
when tapped
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 EVAPORITIC ROCKS

These rocks are formed within the a depositional basin

from chemical substances dissolved in the seawater or
lake water.

Gypsum Halite

CaSO4.2H20 (NaCl)
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 CARBONATE ROCKS
• Limestone: It is a non-clastic rock formed either
chemically or due to precipitation of calcite (CaCO3)
from organisms usually (shell). These remains will
result in formation of a limestone.

• Limestones formed by chemical precipitation are

usually fine grained, whereas, in case of organic
limestone the grain size vary depending upon the type
of organism responsible for the formation
– Chalk: which is made up of foraminefera is very fine grained
– Fossiliferous Limestone: which medium to coarse grained, as it
is formed out of cementation of Shells.

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 Chalk

• used as a building stone and in the manufacture of lime, carbon

dioxide, and cement.
• Massive and compact lst. Are competent to support CE-structure
• However, if it occur in huge thickness then it is not advisable,
because of its typical CAVING character.
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GRADED BEDDING

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 Medium-coarse sandy
lithounit (cross stratified)

Fine gravelly lithounit

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Laminated layers of fine silt and clay

Cross-stratified sst.
Paleo-flow from right
to left

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 Sand Dunes
Typical cross stratification

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Ripple marks

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 Biogenic structures

Foot prints Snake Trails

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Mud cracks

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