Agri9l1 230713113145 C23ba1f8

Objective:
a. Identify the tools,

implements and
equipment for nursery
work
How about our
objective?
LESSON 1
Identifying Required
Materials, Tools and
equipment for nursery
work
Our topic for today
is about
MATERIALS, TOOLS,
AND EQUIPMENT IN
AGRICULTURAL CROP
PRODUCTION
TOOLS, IMPLEMENTS AND
EQUIPMENTS DIFFERENCES
TOOLS
are usually light and are used without the help of animals or
machines. These can be manipulated by hands with no assistance
from any energy.
IMPLEMENTS
are accessories which are being pulled by working animals or
mounted to machineries (hand tractor, tractor) which are usually used
in the preparation of land.
EQUIPMENTS
are machineries used in crop production. They are used in land
preparation and in transporting farm inputs and products. These
equipment need a highly skilled operator to use.
BOLO LIGHT
HOE
TOOLS
PICK- SPADING
MATTOCK FORK
GRAB-
SHOVEL RAKE
HOE SPADE
HAND WATER
TROWEL PAILS
TOOLS
HAND
CULTIVATOR SPRINKLERS
HAND
PRUNING AXE KNIFE
FORK
SHEARS
SPRAYERS TOOLS
WHEEL SICKLE
BARROW
TOOLS
Bolo
is used for cutting tall grasses and weeds
and chopping branches of trees.
Pick-mattock
is used for digging canals, breaking hard
topsoil and for digging up stones and tree
stumps.
Grab-hoe
is used for breaking hard topsoil and
pulverizing soil.
TOOLS
Spade
is used for removing trash or soil, digging
canals or ditches and mixing soil media.
Shovel
is used in removing trash, digging loose soil,
moving soil from one place to another and
for mixing soil media.
Rake
is used for cleaning the ground and leveling
the topsoil.
TOOLS
Spading fork
is used for loosening the soil, digging out
root crops and turning over the materials
in a compost heap.
Light hoe
is used for loosening and leveling soil and
digging out furrows for planting.
Hand trowel
is used for loosening the soil around the
growing plants and putting small amount of
manure fertilizer in the soil.
TOOLS
Hand cultivator
is used for cultivating the garden plot by
loosening the soil and removing weeds
around the plant.
Hand fork
is used for inter row cultivation.
Pruning shears
is for cutting branches of planting materials
and unnecessary branches of plants.
TOOLS
Axe
is for cutting bigger size post.
Knife
is for cutting planting materials and for
performing other operations in horticulture
Sprinklers
for watering seedlings and young plants
Water pails
for hauling water, manure and fertilizers
TOOLS
Sprayers
are for spraying insecticides,fungicides and
herbicides
Wheelbarrow
is used for hauling trash, manures, fertilizers,
planting materials and other equipment
Sickle
is a hand-held agricultural tool with a
variously
curved blade typically used for cutting
weeds.
PLOWS HARROW
FARM
NATIVE
IMPLEMENTS NATIVE
WOODEN
DISC
DISC
ROTAVATOR
FARM IMPLEMENTS
PLOWS
These are farm implements either pulled by a
working animal or a tractor. The plow is specifically used
for tilling large areas, making furrows and inter row
cultivation.
Native Plows Disc Plow

TOOLS
HARROW
The native wooden harrow is made of wood with a metal
teeth and pulled by a carabao while the disc harrow is
made of metal mounted to a tractor. Harrows are used for
tilling and pulverizing the soil.
Native Wooden Harrow Disc Harrow

HAND FOUR-WHEEL
TRACTOR TRACTOR
FARM
EQUIPMENTS
WATER
PUMP
FARM EQUIPMENTS
Hand Tractor
is used to pull a plow and harrow in
preparing a large area of land.
Four-wheel Tractor
is used to pull disc plow and disc
harrow in
preparing much bigger area of land.
Water Pumps
are used to draw irrigation water from a
OTHER FARM
EQUIPMENTS
Thresher Corn Dehusker
Rice Harvester
OTHER FARM
EQUIPMENTS
Grass Cutter Rice Seeder
Miller
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
Activity 1
Give at least 3 tools, 3 implements
and 3 equipment with their
corresponding uses.
Use your notebook as your answer
sheet.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
DIRECTION: Complete the idea of each statement
by filling the blanks with the correct word or
words. Use your notebook as your answer sheet.
1. are farm implements either pulled
by a working animal or a tractor,
specifically used for tilling large areas,
making furrows or inter row cultivation.
2.The is an implement
mounted to a tractor used for tilling and
ENRICHMENT
3.The
ACTIVITY
is made of wood with a metal
teeth and pulled by a carabao, it is used for tilling and
pulverizing the soil.
4. is used to pull a plow and harrow
in preparing a large area of land.
5. Water pump is an used to draw
irrigation water from a source.
6. Four wheel tractor is used to pull disc plow and
in preparing much bigger area of land.
ENRICHMENT
ACTIVITY
7.is used in removing trash,
digging loose soil, moving soil from one place to
another and for mixing soil media.
8. Sprinklers – for watering seedlings and
young
.
9.Sprayers are for
insecticides, foliar fertilizers, fungicides and
herbicides.
10.is used for digging canals,
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
DIRECTION:
The left column in the table below
gives specific situations or tasks in
a farm or garden. At the opposite
side write the tools, implements or
equipment to be prepared that fits
to the tasks given. Use your
notebook as your answer sheet.
ASSESSMENT
DIRECTION: Choose the letter of the best
answer. Write your chosen letter on your
notebook.
1. You will prepare if your task is
to till large areas, make furrows and do inter
row cultivations in the absence of tractor and
disc machines.
A. thresher B . corn dehusker
C . rotavator D . native plow
ASSESSMENT
2. To till large areas and pulverize the soil you
need .
A. thresher B. corn dehusker
C. rotavator D. native plow
3. What tool is used for loosening the soil around

the growing plants and putting small amount of
manure fertilizer in the soil?
A. hand trowel B. hand cultivator
C. hand fork D. shovel
ASSESSMENT
4. Which farm equipment is needed if your work
is tilling large area using disc plow and disc
harrow?
A. plow B. four wheel tractor

C. hand tractor D. water pump
ASSESSMENT
5.Which of the following purposes is the
function of a hand fork?
A. for hauling water, manure and fertilizers
B. for inter row cultivation
C.for loosening and leveling soil and
digging out furrows for planting
D.for cutting tall grasses and weeds
and chopping branches of trees
ASSESSMENT
6. What is the purpose of shovel?
A.used in removing trash, digging loose
soil, moving soil from one place to another
and for mixing soil
B.used for removing trash or soil,
digging canals or ditches and mixing soil
C.used for breaking hard topsoil
and pulverizing soil
D.used for digging canals, breaking
hard topsoil and for digging up stones and tree
stumps
ASSESSMENT
7.Which tool is used for watering seedlings
and young plants?
A.used in removing trash, digging loose
soil, moving soil from one place to another
and for mixing soil
B.used for removing trash or soil,
digging canals or ditches and mixing soil
C.used for breaking hard topsoil
and pulverizing soil
D.used for digging canals, breaking
hard topsoil and for digging up stones and tree
ASSESSMENT
8. Which tool is used for watering seedlings and
young plants?
A. jar B. water pail
C. sprinkler D. scoop
9. Which tool is used for cutting bigger size post?

A. knife B. bolo
C. saw D. axe
ASSESSMENT
10. Which of the following functions is the work
of light hoe?
A. used for loosening and leveling soil and
digging out furrows for planting
B. used for cutting tall grasses and weeds and
chopping branches of trees
CC.. uusseedd ffoorr bbrreeaakkiinngg
hhaarrdd ttooppssooiill aanndd pulverizing
soil
D. used or hauling water, manure, and
fertilizers
Additional Activity
Journal Writing: In your notebook,
write a short reflection about things
that you have learned from this lesson
or module. (at least one paragraph or
two with 25 to 50 words only)
LESSON 2
Pre-Operative Check-up
of Equipment
Check Tractor Before Operating
1. tires for proper inflation and defects
2. windows for visibility
3. seat position
4. seat belts
5. brakes for adjustment
6. steering response
7. rear view mirrors
8. slow-moving vehicle emblem
9. Reflectors
10. running lights for day or night time operation.
Check Tractor Before Operating
1. Safety check
2. Service walk around
3. Check the oil
4. Check the radiator
5. Check the air pre-cleaner and air cleaner
6. Check the fuel level
7. Check the fire extinguisher
Any noted defects should be corrected

immediately. These can affect performance
and your safety!
Activity
Complete the paragraph
A pre-operational check of the tractor will assure
you that it is in safe operating condition. Check the
following for day or night time
1. operation
2.
3. ,
5. , ,
7. , 4.
9.
,
Handling Batteries
1. Do the work or adjustments
in an area free of sparks and
heat sources. Don't smoke
while working near the
battery. Make sure the
area is well ventilated.
Handling Batteries
•2. Always wear personal
protective equipment,
•covering the eyes and hands. A
full face shield will offer the
protection.
Handling Batteries
3. Never work leaning directly over
the battery.
4.Always disconnect the
ground cable first and identify
the cables
as positive and negative so that
you don't re-attach them wrong.
Handling Batteries
5. Make sure that you clean the
terminals and cable connections
before re-attaching them. Make
sure the new battery is secured
with the provided hold-down
assembly.
Handling Batteries
•6. While installing the battery
make sure that the terminals don't
come into contact with metal parts
• on the engine or
body of the tractor.
Handling Batteries
•7. Make sure that you connect the
ground cable last to prevent sparks
•and tighten the connections!
Hydraulic Systems
Working with or on hydraulic
equipment can be dangerous.
Some of the hazards cannot even
be readily seen. Hydraulic systems
are under tremendous pressure and
this is where the unseen danger
lies.
Before Serving Hydraulic
Systems
1. Shut off the engine powering
the hydraulic pump.
2. Lower the implement to the
ground.
3.Relieve pressure by
moving the hydraulic control
lever back
Systems
•4. If working around or under a
raised implement, make sure that
•it is blocked or supported by
something other than the cylinder
itself.
5.Systems
Use a piece of cardboard or
wood to check for leaks in hoses
and fittings. Even a small amount
of
pressurized hydraulic fluid can be
injected through the skin and can
cause severe health problems. Seek
medical attention immediately if
Systems
6. Use caution when releasing
blocks or transport locks on
equipment. If a cylinder has leaked
and lost pressure, the implement
may fall to the ground as the locks
are released.
Activity
True or False When working with battery:
1. Do the work or adjustments in an area free

of sparks and heat sources. Don't
smoke while working near the battery.
Make sure the area is well ventilated.
2. Always wear personal protective equipment,
covering the eyes and hands. A full
face shield will offer the most
protection.
Activity
3. Work leaning directly over the battery.

4.Always disconnect the ground
cable first and identify the cables as
positive and negative so that you don't
re-attach them wrong.
Activity
5. Make sure that you clean the terminals

and cable connections before re-attaching
them. Make sure the new battery is
secured with the hold-down assembly
provided.
Activity
6.While installing the battery make

sure that the terminals come into contact
with metal parts on the engine or tractor
body.
7.Make sure that you connect the

ground cable last to prevent sparks and
Activity
•True or False Before servicing hydraulic systems
8.Shut off the engine powering the

hydraulic pump.
9. Lower the implement to the
ground.
10.Relieve pressure by moving the
Safety Practices in Using Farm
Equipment
Activity # 1
Divide the class into three. The first group
will write as many accidents that happen in
the farm, the second group writes all the
causes/reasons why accidents happen and
the third will write measures on how to
avoid accidents. Match the accidents that
usually happen, and the possible causes
/reason, and ways to prevent them.
LESSON 3
Safety Practices in
Using Farm Equipment
The Costs of Accidents
1. Physical costs – pain and suffering
2.Money – both for the injured
person and the employer
3.Time off work - because an
accident may lead to loss of earnings
for the individual.
The Costs of Accidents
1. Physical costs – pain and suffering
2.Money – both for the injured
person and the employer
3.Time off work - because an
accident may lead to loss of earnings
for the individual.
Dealing with the Accidents
1. help the injured person and
give first aid.
2. clean up.
3. reschedule the job.
4. repair or reset the equipment
or check for faults.
5. investigate the accident and
prepare reports.
Dealing with the Accidents
6. deal with insurers or Health
and Safety Inspectors.
7. wait to have to get back to
work.
8. accidents which cause damage
to expensive plant and
equipment can cost even more.
Tractor-Related Accidents
Types of Tractor-Related
Accidents
1. Rollovers or overturns - are
generally due to driving too
fast ;
striking surface hazards such as
rocks, stumps and holes; running
into ditches; hitching high for extra
traction; driving on steep slopes; and
operating front-end loaders
Accidents
2. Falls from moving tractors
often occur when there‘s an
extra rider when moving and
transporting to and from the
farm.
Accidents
3. caught by, or entangled in,
rotating power takeoff (PTO)
shafts. In most cases, the PTO
shields were inadequate or
had
been removed.
Other Tractor-Connected Injuries and damage
involves:
1. colliding with motor vehicles
or roadside objects;
2.slipping and falling while
mounting and dismounting;
3. running over bystanders;

involves:
4. striking overhead hazards;
5.being struck by flying
objects, broken parts, or
hydraulic fluid;
6.being crushed by a poorly
supported tractor during repair
work;
involves:
7. sustaining cuts, bruises, burns
and other nuisance, but painful
injuries, connected with
maintenance and routine operation;
•8. being overcome by exhaust
gases inside closed buildings;
involves:
9. being burned by fires that
erupt during refueling or as a
result of a collision or upset.
What are the
tractor-related
accidents?
How are we going to
prevent tractor-
related accidents?
How are we going to
prevent tractor-
related accidents?
How to reduce the
risk of tractor
accidents?
LESSON 4
Hazard, Risk and
Exposure in the Farm
1. What is hazard?
2. Give at least 3
Answer the following examples of common
questions briefly.
hazards and explain how
these particular hazards
affect the farmers.
3. How farmers can
What is the
difference among
hazard, risk and
exposure?
HAZARD
 the potential for
harm, or adverse
effect on an
employee‘s health.
Anything which may
cause injury or ill health
to anyone at or near a
RISK
 is the likelihood that a
hazard will cause injury
or ill health to anyone at
or near a workplace. The
level of risk increases
with the severity of the
hazard and the duration
EXPOSURE
 occurs when a person
comes into contact with
a hazard.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
HAZARD
1.
Ph2y.siMcaelchanical
and/or
ele3c.tCrihceaml ical
4. Biological
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
HAZARD
1.
Physiicnaclludes floors, stairs, work
platforms, steps, ladders,
fire,
falling objects, slippery
surfaces, manual handling
(lifting, pushing, pulling),
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
HAZARD
2. Mechanical and/or
elecintcrliucdael s electricity,
machinery,
equipment, pressure vessels,
dangerous goods, forklifts,
cranes, hoists
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
HAZARD
3. Chemical
 includes chemical substances
such as acids or
poisons and
those that could lead to fire
or explosion, like pesticides,
herbicides, cleaning agents,
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
HAZARD
4. Biological
 includes bacteria, viruses,
mold, mildew, insects, vermin,
and animals
5. Psychosocial
envri inocnlmudeens tworkplace
stressors arising from a variety
Farm workers—including
farm families and helpers—
are exposed to hazards
such as the following:
• chemicals/Pesticides
• cold
• dust
• electricity
• grain bins
• hand tools
• lifting
• livestock handling
• machinery/Equipment
• manure pits
• mud
• noise
• ponds
• slips/trips/falls
• sun/heat
• toxic gases
• tractors
• wells
POSSIBLE HAZARDS IN
AGRONOMICAL OPERATIONS
POSSIBLE HAZARDS IN
POSSIBLE HAZARDS IN
POSSIBLE HAZARDS IN
POSSIBLE HAZARDS IN
FOUR-STEP PROCESS OF RISK
MANAGEMENT
1. IDENTIFY the
hazariddentifying all situations or
events that could cause injury
or illness.
Eliminating or minimizing workplace
hazards needs a systematic approach. It
is essential to try and anticipate
possible hazards all at the
METHODS OF IDENTIFYING
HAZARDS
 Injury and illness records
review your workers‘
compensation data and check
the incidence, mechanism and
agency of injury, and the cost
These stattoisttihcse
HAZARDS
 Staying informed trends
on and in
developments
workplace health and
safety, for example via the
internet or OHS publications
HAZARDS
 Reviewing the potential
impact of new work practices
or equipment introduced into
the workplace in line with
legislative requirements
HAZARDS
 Doing walk-through surveys,
inspections or safety audits in
the workplace to evaluate
the organization‘s health and
safety system
 Considering OHS implications
when analyzing work
HAZARDS
 Investigating
workplace incidents and
“near hits” reports - in
some cases there may be
more than one hazard
contributing to an incident
HAZARDS
 Getting feedback from
employees can often provide
valuable information about
hazards, because they have
hands-on experience in their
work area
MANAGEMENT
2. ASSESS the risk associated
with thehtahzisasrtdep involves
collecting
information
It is important for you and makingthe
to consider
extent of the harm or consequence from
decisions.
a hazard and the cause of harm that is
occurring. If your assessment is an
MANAGEMENT
3. CONTROL the risk

 establish and maintain systems
which give opportunity for
regular evaluation and review
Evaluation p r oce d control
me an s ex a
measures to ensure risks are eliminated
or reduced uandr have
e s .not caused new
m in i n g
THREE CATEGORIES OF CONTROL
MEASURES YOU MIGHT TAKE
 Eliminate the hazard

 Minimize the risk
 Introduce “back-up” controls
(when all other options in
the previous categories
have been exhausted).
MANAGEMENT
4. REVIEW the process

 The review system applies to
the overall risk
management
process and checks if the
process is working effectively
to identify hazards and
B. Answer the
question below.
(10 points)
1. What benefit/s do
you get if you
familiarize yourself
with the uses of
Rules:
1.Listen when
someone else is talking.
2.Wait for your turn
to speak.
3. Take
notCelasos,f kitnhdley
important
rpeaodinoutrsr.ules
Objectives:
a. Differentiate sexual from
asexual
propagation.
b. Enumerate and explain
factors to be considered in
choosing the
ideal csi.tDeisocfusas
npurorpseerr yu.se of
nursery tools and
equipment.
d.Explain the
MODULE 3
LEUSNDSEORTNAK1E
NURSERY
WORK
Let us begin the lesson
by answering the
following
These
wqiluletsetsitonyso.u
of your prior
knowledge relative to
the lesson.
What is
propagatio
n?
PLANT
PROPAGATION
 is the process by which
new
plants grow from a variety of
sources: seeds,
other plantcuttings,
parts. and
 also refer to the man-
made or natural
dispersal of seeds.
PLANT
PROPAGATION
Propagation typically occurs as a step in the overall
cycFloer of
 plant
it happens after ripening
seeds
growth. dispersal
and
For vegetative partist happens after detachment
For asexually-reproordpurcuinnigngplants
strahwapbp as the new plant develops
such  aisexisting
from t parts.
eerPlant
nrys propagation can be divided into four
basic types: sexual, asexual
What is the difference
between sexual
propagation and asexual
propagation?
TYPES OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
1. Sexual Propagation
uses seeds to produce new plants. It is
relatively easy and often requires no
special equipment. It is nature’s way to
obtain many plants economically.
TYPES OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
2. Asexual Propagation
uses vegetative parts of the plant to
make a clone, or an exact genetic copy,
Adovfatnhteapgaerse:nt plant.
 the ability to replicate genetically
the parent pl
 it allows for plants to be grown
to a size suitable for
COMMON NURSERY
WORK
Establishing a nursery needs a
considerable amount of time and
planning. An ideal plant nursery does
not only supply the best planting
materials that you need but can be a
source of livelihood as well. In order
to attain this, the project must be
well planned from site selection,
water supply, soil/media preparation,
FACTORS IN SELECTING IDEAL
SITE
1. An 5. Availability
adequate of additional
source
water of
supply labor
2. Soil
6. Ownership of
3. the farm or site
Accessibility
4. 7. Location
SITE
1. An adequate source of
wateThressuitpe pshloyuld be near a
natural
source of water (river, spring) or
a deep well can be constructed to
assure adequate water supply will
be available year round
SITE
2. Soil
A good source of sandy loam or
loamy soil should be as close as
possible to the site. This is
important especially if a large
number of potted seedlings will be
produced. Farm manures, fully
decomposed rice hull are good
SITE
3. Accessibility
 The site must be close or near a
main road to minimize
transportation cost. It must also
be near or close to sources of
production inputs (agricultural
and farm supply stores).
SITE
4.
Topography
 Ideally the site should be
relatively flat with a 1-2% slope.
The gradual slope prevents
waterlogging.
5. Availability of
additional
laboTrher
will be instances when
additional manpower is needed,
SITE
6. Ownership of the farm or
siteI case the area/site will be
rented, terms and conditions
n should be clear before putting up
the
7. Location
nursery.
 The site must be away from strong
winds. Windbreaks are necessary in
PROPER USE OF
NURSERY TOOLS
AND EQUIPMENT
PROPER USE OF NURSERY TOOLS
AND EQUIPMENT
 Conduct checks all tools and
on equipment using them
before
 iAdlewnatyifsy to
usnesasthisafrapctotroyolosr
wfaiuthltyciatuetmiosn. and
concentration to avoid cuts to
AND EQUIPMENT
 Use correct lifting methods when you
are lifting plants, tools and
equipment. Team lifts anything that
is too heavy for one person.
AND EQUIPMENT
 Do not overload wheelbarrows and
trolleys with soil or plants.
 Wear protective gloves when

sorting and neatly stacking pots,
pot trays and propagation trays as
they tend to attract spiders and
other insects.
AND EQUIPMENT
 Always return tools and equipment
to the designated safe storage
areas after use. Keep walkways or
working areas uncluttered by
 e q uip m e n t w h en
B e a w a r e o f
t e m p
v e h ic le
orar i ly
an d
not
NURSER
Y
HYGIEN
E
NURSERY HYGIENE
Keeping the nursery clean and tidy
is important not only for its
appearance and organization but
also helps to reduce the emergence
of weds, infection, fungus and
pests
PROCEDURES AND
PRACTICES
Sorting, weeding and pruning
of potted and newly
propagated seedlings should
be done regularly. This is
done in order to avoid nursery
pests and diseases. These
activities may prevent spread
PROCEDURES AND
PRACTICES
Here are suggested ways:
At the end of each week
activity:
 wash down working benches
 clear dead plants away quickly
(burned or buried into the soil)
 wash out kidney trays and seed
soaking containers after us.
 wash used tools including soiled
PROCEDURES AND
PRACTICES
At the end of the
day:
 clean up pots and trays under
tables
 remove unused sterilized soil from
potting table
 put things away in their storage
places
PROCEDURES AND
PRACTICES
Always:
 wash used pots and trays and tools,
equipment in diluted bleach, vinegar
or detergent
 keep cigarettes and food away from
production areas
 separate recycling
 compost left over foods and seed flesh
into the worm farm or composting bin
QUALITY CONTROL
Quality control embraces every
detail of nursery operation from
simplest area lay-out to most
complicated management
practices. Standards for every
component should be set and made
clear to all nursery workers for
them to perform to the highest
CARE OF
SEEDLINGS
AND GROWING
PLANTS
CARE OF SEEDLINGS AND GROWING
PLANTS
Water and IrrigationRoot pruning

 Weeding  Seedling protection
 Adding more fertilizer
 Hardening off/Hardening
 Postponing planting
PLANTS
Water and Irrigation
The amount of water seedlings
require depends upon the following:
a. Seedling age
b. Amount of sunlight
c. Soil type.
PLANTS
require depaen.dSs
up o n t h e fo ll
e e d li n g a g e o wing:
 More water is required after

germination
when the
PLANTS
require depben.dAs umpoonutnhet
foolfloswuinngl:ight
 If the area is exposed to sun,

more water is
needed and vice versa.
PLANTS
require depcen.dSs oupilontythpeefollowing:
 sandy soil losses water faster

than a soil with
high clay content hence
sandy soil
needs more frequent
What are the factors to
be considered in the care
of seedlings and growing
plants?
Why is it necessary
to take care our
seedling in the
nursery?
For maintaining physiological processes of

seedling that will result in high capacity for
SIMPLE RECALL
1. Plants are made out of
more than % of water.
2.What type of soil
becomes hard and cracks
when it dries out?
3. In absence of sprinkler,
what
SIMPLE RECALL
4.Use adequate amount
of water, 20 liters for
s e ed li n g s
5.Wat e r sh o u l d .
be to ensure seedling
health.
6. Avoid direct use of

SIMPLE RECALL
7. The amount of water
should be reduced before
the seedlings are planted out.
8-10. Factors that affects the
water requirements for seedlings
SIMPLE RECALL
1.Plants are made out of m9o0re
than % of water.
2.What type of soil
becomes hard and cracks
wheCnlaiytedyries
o ut
3 . In ? absence of
SIMPLE RECALL
4.Use adequate amount
of wa1t,e0r,0 20 liters for
5. 0
Watseeredshlionugclsd
l.ebae
to ensure seedlinng health.

SIMPLE RECALL
7. The amount of water should
bfeourer
b wefeoerkes the seedlings are
duced
planted out.
8-10. Factors that affects the
water requirements for seedlings
Seedling Amount of
age Soil sunlight
PLANTS
 Water and Irrigation  Root pruning
 Weeding  Seedling protection

What is
weeding
?
WEEDING
 is the removal of weeds
or unwanted plants
 from
the field
It is an effective pre-
harvesting method of crop
protection and crop
WEEDS
 are a threat to healthy
seedlings‘ development.
They compete with
seedlings for nutrients,
water and light hence
they must be eradicated
Adding More
Fertilizer
Adding More Fertilizer
To determine when to add
more fertilizer, use the date of
potting up as your starting date
and add on 3 or 6 months
(depending on your fertilizer
release time frame). If the
 Make a shallow hole into
the pot and add 4 to
5 granules of slow
released
 fertilizer. Example
A m
is p pl y w o
O sm o c ot e .
r
 Apply water
seaweed leaves
solution to or soak in
(foliar spray)
the
seaweed solution once in
every week until plants
recover.
Deficiency

Stmptoms
Trace or micro nutrients
are necessary for
healthy plant growth. A
plant will show
symptoms of deficiency
early on or during
vegetative stage. This
should remedied
Hardening Off
/ Hardening
HARDENING
 is to expose the seedlings to
harsh conditions to make
them strong so that
they under
will be able to survive
 ihtairsshalscoliamgartaeduianl
t h e f i e ld a
p r e pa r a t ion o f
The process is done:
 When the seedlings grow and
reach the planting size,
the shade should be
removed
expose themto more to sunlight.
 Reduction in watering intensity
(quantity) and frequency-
water. It is done twice a
week and later once a week
The process is done:
 Before planting out, root
pruning should be carried
out frequently or re-
arrangement
of pots to allow more adoption
planting
G oo d
t o st ress p .reparation
results in good field
for out
survival. Therefore hardening
off should be done 2 – 3 weeks
What is
weeding?
How about
hardening off?
How are you
going to apply
fertilizers?
Postponing
Planting
PLANTS
 Water and Irrigation  Root pruning
 Weeding
 Seedling protection
PLANTING
If it‘s not possible to plant
when the seedlings are ready
for planting out (reached right
size for planting-1.5 ft) or the
seedlings are not bought; cut
the tips of the plant to
suppress further growth so
ROOT PRUNING
 the cutting of roots to
control root
system
development beyond
the
c o n t a i n
The period and in t e rv a l o f
ROOT PRUNING
Procedure:
 Water the seedlings properly before
root pruningU. sing a sharp
knife
the long or
roots
wire or scissors to the
underneath cut
container. You can also
uplift the containers
ROOT PRUNING
Water the seedlings well after root
pruning. This helps the plant withstand
 Note thamt tooistruerdeuscterersos.ot
pruning, you can place the
seedlings on a bed of stones or on
polythene sheet and
 tIhf
PRDamOage TandEdisaCsterTs in
categorized as follows:
IthOe nuNrsery may be
a. Weather conditions
This is damage caused by the
adverse weather conditions.
We can either regulate
watering or shading to comply
with prevailing weather
IthOe nuNrsery may be
b. Human
This is stealing and/or
the damaging of
intentional humanbeings.
seedlingsand security are such
Fencing
by
options to overcome this.
IthOe nuNrsery may be
c. Livestock and wild
 Rodents such as field
animals
mice/rates frequently cause

serious damage
to seedlings in the nursery as
well as in the field by eating
them. To control these,
cleaning the nursery helps to
I 1.O N
d.
th
Insects
e nu
rsery may be
Thrips (Stenchaetothrips
biformis)- There is laceration of
the tender leaves and it the plant
sap is sucked. Young
seedlings show yellow (or)
silvery streaks on the leaves.
d. Insects
2. Green leafhopper
(Nephotettix
virescens)- The symptom of
damage is yellowing of leaves
from tip to downwards. Vector for
the disease is rice tungro virus
and the plant is characterized by
d. Insects
3. Rice worm
case
depunctalis)- (Nymphula The
caterpillars
feed on green tissues of the
leaves and leaves become whitish
papery
To .control, spray monocrotophos .
d. Insects
4. Paddy stemborer
(Scirpophaga
incertulas)- It causes drying of
the central shoot known as “dead
heart” and the panicle becomes
d
T o rcioendtrokl,nsoprwaynaanys o“f
d. Insects
5. Swarming caterpillar
(Spodoptera mauritia)- The
larvae cut the seedlings in
large scale. If
infestation happens, sever
grazing appearance wille be
Identification of swarming caterpillar
 egg –laid in masses on leaves
and covered with grey hairs.
 larva-caterpillar is cylindrical
dark to pale green with
lateral lines along the body.
Identification of swarming caterpillar
 pupa - Pupates in an earthen
 acodcuolton- Minostohilis
medium sized stoutly build.
Dark brown with a
conspicuous triangular spot on
COMMON DISEASES
Damping off
 This is a fungal disease
caused by Pythium
spp.,Rhizoctonia salani. The
severity of the attack usually
increases with increase in soil
moisture. Damping off can
occur before germination,
COMMON DISEASES
Damping off
Conditions favorable for the spread of
 high sothweindgisedaesnesiatrye;
 over watering
 using soil with partially
decomposed material
COMMON DISEASES
Powdery mildew
 First, small white powdery
patches are formed on the leaf
surface and later the whole surface
of the leaf is covered with
white powdery mycelial colonies.
Damaged leaves gradually
defoliate. This affects the growth
COMMON DISEASES
Wilting
 This is a dying bark of the
main shoot of a
seedling.
caused It by is mainly
overcrowding.
Separating the seedlings
or
immediate planting out can help
Cocnotnrtorlol it.measures:
optimum sowing density and use
TYPES OF PLANTING
MATERIALS
The planting materials or
propagules can be prepared
through seeds and by asexual
means. The asexual means of
propagation in most instances
is preferred, but there are
plant species that do not lend
themselves to this method of
METHODS OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
A. Propagation by seed – The use of
seed is the most practical and even the
cAhdevaapnesttagweasy of
o f
pursoipnaggasteioend.s
a. Most practical and

bch.
METHODS OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
A. Propagation by seed – The use of
seed is the most practical and even the
ch e ap e s t w a y
D i sa d v a n t a ge s o f
porfopuasginatgiosne.eds
a. Fruit trees take a longer time to
b.eaTrhferureitssu.lting plant does
METHODS OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
SEED QUALITY / VIABILITY
1. recalcitrant seeds
 here the moisture
content is initially high and
the loss by drying below the
critical level (20%) will lead to
rapid loss of viability.
METHODS OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
SEED QUALITY / VIABILITY
2. Orthodox seeds
these seeds can be dried to
prevent respiratory processes
and
placed in air tight containers to
exclude oxygen. Refrigeration and
METHODS OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
Germination Test
 One way of assessing the viability
o f s ee d s
Step s t o st i mulate seed
germination
1. Scarification
2.Removal of the
METHODS OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
A. Vegetative or Asexual
Propagation
Advantages
1. they produce true-to-type plants
2.suitable for plant species that do
not normally produce seeds or may also
produce seeds but are difficult to
METHODS OF PLANT
PROPAGATION
A. Vegetative or Asexual Propagation
Advantages
3. trees are smaller compared to
those propagated by seeds and they
b ea r f r u it s m u ch e a r li r
4 . h ig h l y u s ef u l fo r s p ec
ies with distinct maleness and
KINDS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGULES
1. Runners
 these are specialized
growing stem parts that arise
from the
leaf axils of the plant and
form roots of their own that
render them excellent
KINDS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGULES
2. Slips
 leafy shoots that arise from
axillary buds produced
atase
theof the
b plant
Parent plant
KINDS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGULES
3. Suckers
 adventitious roots that arise from
underground stems below
the ground.
KINDS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGULES
4. Corms
underground solid stem
structures that contain nodes
and internodes; the corm can
5.Roboet fcuuseed
rttthienrgsdivided
pieces
into
these are used in propagating
several
KINDS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGULES
6. Leaf bud cuttings
 these are derived from axillary
buds in stem and leaf; the
stem bearing buds are cut
into pieces and inserted in a
rooting medium
(example: blackpepper)
KINDS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGULES
7. Stem cutting
 these can be used in
propagating grapes, vanilla
8.Asexually propagated
materials produced from
layerage, marcotting, graftage,
budding
Rules:
1.Listen when
someone else is talking.
2.Wait for your turn
to speak.
3. Take
notCelasos,f kitnhdley
important
rpeaodinoutrsr.ules
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS AN
COMMUNICATION D
In order to succeed with
your interpersonal relations, you
must be able to speak
authentically, passionately, and
confidently and be able to
convey your personal thoughts
and ideas articulately.
Not only do you need to convey
What are the
steps to
become a
good listener?
GOOD LISTENER
1. First, you must physically hear the other
person.
If you cannot hear, politely move to
another environment, insist that the other
person speaks louder, or perhaps have
your hearing checked by a professional if
you
2. Sfeeeclonyodu, yhoauvemauhset
GOOD LISTENER
3. Understand what you have heard and deciphered
Which means that you can make sense of
the words that were spoken. Some
conversations may be very easy to
4.Ounncdeerystoaundhawvheilheeoatrhde
,rds emcaipyhbeerevde,ryand
things
d by
if f responding
i c u lt . in kind.
und e r s t o o d the information that
Responding is simply giving observable feedback to the
other been
has person. given,
Typical responses
you mustare small gestures like a
acknowledge
GOOD LISTENER
5. The final step of being a good
listener is the ability to remember
and recall the information that is
presented to you.
Do you have trouble remembering
name
of person you just met? Are you
occasionally reminded of something you
supposedly said but don‘t recall?
COMMUNICATION D
Another major component of
interpersonal relations is body language.
According to social scientists, verbal
communication skills account for only 7%
of the communication process. The
other 93% consists of nonverbal and
symbolic communication called body
language.
Body language is the sum of messages
Objective:
a. Discuss good writing
characteristics
How about our

objective?
COMMUNICATION D
Another vital
communication skill in
dealing with people
especially if you are in
business is how to
COMMUNICATION D
The practice of good writing

involves planning, researching,
drafting, reviewing, and
revising. Writing for different
purposes may have different
products‘ too; from asking
information about a new
GOOD WRITING
SHARES COMMON
CHARACTERISTICS
GOOD WRITING
CHARACTERISTICS
1. CLARITY
 Well chosen words and
structured
sentences
help convey the
intended meaning. The
GOOD WRITING
CHARACTERISTICS
2. COHERENCE
 Information presented
and arguments
used should flow
logically.
Writing should be
GOOD WRITING
CHARACTERISTICS
3. CONCISENESS
 State the information
simply. Do not use
words that are merely
there to impress.
CONCISENESS – SIMPLE AND SHORTNESS
GOOD WRITING
CHARACTERISTICS
4. CORRECTNESS
 Verify your facts.
Document sources
accurately. Check
for accurate
spelling,
GOOD WRITING
CHARACTERISTICS
5. COMPLETENESS
 Good writing
represents critical
thinking. Analyze
completely and support
your position.
GOOD WRITING
CHARACTERISTICS
6. CONTEXT
 Write appropriately for
the audience (peers,
customers and /or clients,
teachers, and classmates.
ENVIRENMENT / PERSPECTIVE / BACKGROUND
What are the
characteristics
of good
writing?
Clarity ConcisenessCompleteness
CoherenceCorrectnessContext:
Why is it
necessary to
become a
good writer?
It helps you to become a better
communicator overall and it also improves
EVALUATION
Answer the following:

1. What are the
characteristics of good
writing?
2.What are the

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Objective:

a. Identify the tools,

Native Plows Disc Plow

Native Wooden Harrow Disc Harrow

3. What tool is used for loosening the soil around

A. plow B. four wheel tractor

9. Which tool is used for cutting bigger size post?

Any noted defects should be corrected

1. Do the work or adjustments in an area free

3. Work leaning directly over the battery.

5. Make sure that you clean the terminals

6.While installing the battery make

7.Make sure that you connect the

8.Shut off the engine powering the

3. running over bystanders;

3. CONTROL the risk

 Eliminate the hazard

4. REVIEW the process

 Wear protective gloves when

Water and IrrigationRoot pruning

 More water is required after

 If the area is exposed to sun,

 sandy soil losses water faster

For maintaining physiological processes of

6. Avoid direct use of

to ensure seedlinng health.

 Weeding  Seedling protection

 Adding more fertilizer

mice/rates frequently cause

a. Most practical and

How about our

The practice of good writing

Answer the following:

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