IT200

Wired and Wireless Networks

Session 2

Dr. Kiran Manjappa

Department of IT, NITK
 Local Area Networks (LANs)
• Two Types - Based on the Channel Access
– Token Based
– Ethernet
• Token based
– Only the user having token can transmit the data.
– At any point of time, only one user can transmit the data.
– Hence, the medium is not shared. Complete resource is given to
one user
– Why ?
• To Avoid Collision
• What is Token ?
– A special packet which will be in the network.
 Token Based LANs
• Two Types of LANs
– Token Ring
– Token Bus
• Both are from IBM
– Invented in the year - 1980 around
– Specific Purpose LANs
• Topology used
– Token Ring - Ring Topology
– Token Bus - Bus topology
• Standards
– Token Ring - IEEE802.5
– Token Bus - IEEE 802.4
 Applications - Token Based LANs
• Industrial applications.
– Dedicated access to the channel
– Imagine a Car assembling scenario
– Phased are sequential - One after the other
– Complete bandwidth is given to a phase.
Disadvantages
• Starvation
– A user can occupy the token for a longer time.
– No time restriction.
• Complete Resource is given to a single user
– Whether the user uses complete resources ?
– 1 GBps available - User uses only 1 KBps
– Waste of resources
• Hence, Token based LANs absoluted.
– Alternative, Ethernet came into existence.
• Ethernet
– Shared Medium
– Scheduler manages the channel access
• Scheduler - a software, protocole, algorithms
– Example
• CSMA
– CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA
 Types of Ethernet

Name IEEE Standard Data Rate Max. Distance

Ethernet IEEE 802.3 10 Mbps 100 mtrs

Fast Ethernet IEEE 802.3u 100 Mbps 2000 mtrs

Gigabit Ethernet IEEE 802.3z 1000 Mbps 5000 mtrs

10 Gigabit Ethernet IEEE 802.3ae 10 Gbps 40 km

 Wireless LAN
• Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)
• Radio Frequencies
– Easy to generate
– Penetrates
– Propagates for longer distance.
 WiFi Types
Type Standards
Personal Area Network (PAN) Bluetooth
LAN IEEE 802.11 (WiFi)
MAN IEEE 802.15 (WiMAX)
WAN Cellular (LTE)
IEEE 802.11 Standards
Standard Data Rate
IEEE 802.11 a 54 Mbps
IEEE 802.11 b 11 Mbps
IEEE 802.11 g 54 Mbps
IEEE 802.11 n 100 Mbps

IEEE 802.11d – Used for control information.

 Tech Talk

“Bro, my .11 is not working”

- means WiFi is not woring….

“Bro, my .3 is down”
- means ….?
 Wireless LAN
• Light Fidelity (WiFi)
• Uses light for data transmission.
– Less Interferences.
– Short Range

Image from V. Swetha and E. Annadevi, "Survey on Light-Fidelity," 2018 ICSSIT, doi: 10.1109/ICSSIT.2018.8748272.
LiFi Working Principle
 Differences
Parameter LiFi WiFi
Operation Light Radio Waves
Interferences Less More
Applications Operation Theaters General Applications
Data Transfer 1 Gbps 100-150 Mbps
Density Works in High dense Works in low dense
environment Environment
Distance 10 Meters 32 Meters
System Component Lamp Driver, LED Bulb, Router, WAP
Photo detector
• Network Media – Communication medium/channels for
interconnecting the systems.
• Network Media includes
– Coaxial Cables
– Twisted Pair
– Optical Fiber
– Radio Frequencies