Chapter 4 Industrialpowerquality

CHAPTER 4
INDUSTRIAL POWER QUALITY

BEV 40203 – INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS
Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Kok Boon Ching

BEV 40203 – Industrial Power Systems – Chapter 4
Outlines
4.1 Motor Starting Studies
4.2 Application of Industrial Power Factor Correction
4.3 Harmonics Treatment in Industrial Power Systems
4.4 Voltage Sag Analysis
4.5 Flicker Analysis
2
Starting Direct on-line
Method Star-delta
Part winding
Resistance stator
Autotransformer
Slip ring motor
Soft starter
Frequency converter
3
Direct on-line starting

 When it is switched on, the motor
behaves like a transformer with its
secondary, formed by the very low
resistance rotor cage, in short circuit.
 There is a high induced current in the
rotor which results in a current peak
in the mains supply.
Current on starting = 5 to 8 rated Current

Torque on starting (ST) = 0.5 to 1.5 rated
torque (RT)
4
Star-delta starting
 The principle is to start the motor by
connecting the star windings at mains
voltage, which divides the motor’s
rated star voltage by 3.
 The starting current peak (SC) is
divided by 3,
SC = 1.5 to 2.6 RC (RC rated Current)
 As the starting torque (ST) is
proportional to the square of the
supply voltage, it is also divided by 3:
ST = 0.2 to 0.5 RT (RT Rated Torque)
5
Part winding starting

 Not widely used in Europe, is quite common in the North
American market (voltage of 230/460, a ratio of 1:2).
 This type of motor has a stator winding divided into two parallel
windings with six or twelve output terminals. It is equivalent to
two “half motors” of equal power.
 On starting, a single “half motor” is connected directly at full
mains voltage strength, which divides the starting current and the
torque approximately by two. The torque is however greater than
it would be with a squirrel cage motor of equal power with star-
delta starting.
 At the end of the starting process, the second winding is
connected to the mains. At this point, the current peak is low and
brief, because the motor has not been cut off from the mains
supply and only has a little slip.
6
Resistance stator starting

 The motor starts at reduced voltage
because resistors are inserted in
series with the windings.
 When the speed stabilises, the
resistors are eliminated and the motor
is connected directly to the mains. This
process is usually controlled by a
timer.
 The starting current and torque values
are generally:
SC = 4.5 RC
ST = 0.75 RT
7
Autotransformer starting
 In the first place, the autotransformer is
star-connected, then the motor is
connected to the mains via part of the
autotransformer windings.
 The star connection is opened before
going onto full voltage. This operation
takes place when the speed balances out
at the end of the first step.
 The piece of autotransformer winding in
series with the motor is short-circuited
and the autotransformer is switched off.
 The values obtained are:
SC = 1.7 to 4 RC
ST = 0.5 to 0.85 RT
8
Slip ring motor starting

 A slip ring motor cannot be started direct on-
line with its rotor windings short-circuited,
otherwise it would cause unacceptable
current peaks.
 Resistors must therefore be inserted in the
rotor circuit and then gradually short-
circuited.
 The current absorbed is more or less
proportional to the torque supplied. For
example, for a starting torque equal to 2 RT,
the current peak is about 2 RC.
9
Soft starter starting

 This is an effective starting system for starting
and stopping a motor smoothly.
 Control by current limitation sets a maximum
current (3 to 4 x RC) during the starting stage
and lowers torque performance. This control is
especially suitable for “turbomachines”
(centrifugal pumps, fans).
 Control by torque adjustment optimises torque
performance in the starting process and lowers
mains inrush current. This is suited to constant
torque machines.
10
Frequency converter starting

 This is an effective starting system to use whenever speed must be controlled
and adjusted.
 Its purposes include:
 starting with high-inertia loads,
 starting with high loads on supplies with low short-circuit capacity,
 optimisation of electricity consumption adapted to the speed of "turbomachines".
 It is a solution primarily used to adjust motor speed, starting being a
secondary purpose.
11
Very high
12
Voltage drop/
dip
PQ
during
Voltage Flicker Motor Inrush current
Starting
Voltage /
Current
Harmonics
13
EXAMPLE 4.1: Voltage drop during motor starting

Supply System
An industrial customer plans to connect
ZS = (1.55 + j1.66) mΩ
a new induction motor to the power
supply system as shown in the 1MVA
diagram. 11kV/ 400 V
%Z = 5%
X/R = 5
Using the permissible level of voltage PCC
fluctuations as a criterion, decide ZL = (25 + j60) mΩ
whether the motor should be installed.
75 kW
For the planned number of 20 starts M 400 V
per hour the voltage change: Kmax = 3% PFStart = 0.3
KSOC = 7 kVA/kW
14
Solution
The apparent power during start,
Ss = 7 x 75 = 525 kVA
The motor impedance during start,
V2 4002
Z mstart  cos  j sin    0.3  j 0.954
Ss 525kVA
 91.43  j 290.74m
The voltage at PCC is,
Z mstart  Z L
VPCC  VN 
Z mstart  Z L  Z PCC
Z PCC  Z S  Z Tr
15
4002
Z Tr  0.05  cos 78.69  j sin 78.69
1MVA
 1.57  j 7.84m
Z PCC  3.12  j 9.5m
116 .43  j 350.74 369.56

VPCC  400   400   389.45V
119 .55  j 360.24 379.56
400  389.45
%V  100%  2.64%
400
Since the voltage drop does not exceed the limit value of 3%, the motor can be directly
connected to the network.
16
4.2 Application of Industrial PFC
 Power Factor in Sinusoidal Situations

R
Vsin (t) Motor Load

M (Linear)
v(t )  V1 sin(0t  1 ) Pavg Pavg

PFtrue  
i (t )  I1 sin(0t  1 ) S Vrms I rms
17
 For the purely sinusoidal case,

Pavg
PFtrue  PFdisp 
P2  Q2
V1 I1 where PFdisp is commonly known as the
cos(1  1 )
displacement power factor, and where (δ1− θ1)
 2 2
V1 I1 is known as the power factor angle.
2 2
 cos(1  1 )
18
Effect of PF on Power Losses

7.00
6.00
Displacement power factor
Power Losses (pu)
5.00
greatly affects losses
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40
PF
19
 Power Factor in Nonsinusoidal Situations

 When steady-state harmonics are presented, the voltages and
currents can be represented by Fourier series of the form,
 
Vk2 
v(t )   Vk sin( k0t   k ) Vrms     krms
V 2
k 1 k 1 2 k 1

i (t )   I k sin( k0t   k )
 
I k2
I rms     krms
I 2
k 1 2
k 1
k 1

Pavg   Vkrms I krms cos( k   k )  P1avg  P2 avg  P3avg  ...
k 1
20
 Total harmonic distortion (or distortion factor),

 
V
k 2
2
krms  k
V 2
k 2
THDV   100%  100%
V1rms V1
 
I
k 2
2
krms k
I 2
k 2
THDI   100%   100%
I1rms I1
Vrms  V1rms 1  (THDV / 100) 2 I rms  I1rms 1  (THDI / 100) 2
21
 True power factor,

Pavg 1
PFtrue  
V1rms I1rms 1  (THDV / 100) 2 1  (THDI / 100) 2
EXAMPLE 4.2
Calculate the true power factor for the following measurements:
Frequency (Hz) Voltage (V) Current (A)
50 4150 50-30
150 9.525 1570
250 5.840 5-10
350 1.235 1.5-20
22
Solution
(9.5) 2  (5.8) 2  (1.2) 2 (15) 2  (5) 2  (1.5) 2
THDV   100%  2.7% THDI  100%  31.76%
415 50

Pavg   Vkrms I krms cos( k   k )
k 1
 41550 cos0  30  9.5(15) cos25  70  5.8(5) cos40  10  1.2(1.5) cos35  20
 17970.03  100.76  18.64  1.03  18090.46W
Pavg 1
PFtrue  
V1rms I1rms 1  (THDV / 100) 2 1  (THDI / 100) 2 Displacement PF
= cos(30°) = 0.866
18090.46 1
 
20750 1  (2.7 / 100) 2 1  (31.76 / 100) 2
 0.83
23
Effect of PFtrue on Power Losses

8.00
7.00
Power Losses (pu)
6.00
5.00 Non Linear Load
4.00
3.00
2.00 Linear Load
1.00
0.00
1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40
PF
24
25

 Average power factor values for the most commonly-used equipment and
appliances
26
Why to improve
the power factor?
Reduction
Reduction in the cost
of cable of electricity
Reduction size
of losses
Reduction (kW) in
of voltage cables
drop
Increase in
available
power
27

How to improve the power factor?
Automatic
Fixed capacitors
capacitor banks
At the terminals of inductive

At the busbars of a general
devices (motors and
power distribution board
transformers)
At busbars supplying
At the terminals of a heavily-
numerous small motors and
loaded feeder cable
inductive
In cases where the level of

load is reasonably constant
28
4.2 Application of Industrial PFC (Design)
Indentify System Requirements

Total system loading (P & Frequency and voltage
Overall PF and target PF
Q) (system & capacitors)
Capacitor Sizing
Consider harmonics condition (capacitor Calculate compensated Q according to
voltage > system voltage), frequency? the system needs.
Analysis for Possible PQ
Resonance effect? Switching transient?
29

QC  Q1  Q2
  
 P tan cos 1 PF1  tan cos 1 PF2  
K-Factor
PFDesired QC  Q1  Q2
PFOriginal 0.85 0.86   0.87  0.88

 P tan cos 1 PF1  tan cos 1 PF2
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
30

 Differences in voltage/ frequency level between the supply system and
the capacitor used will produce different injected reactive power into the
system.
 The factor to be considered is as follows:
2
 VCAP   f CAP 
QCAP  QS   QCAP  QS  
 VS   fS 
where,
QCAP = Effective reactive power provided by capacitor
QS = Effective reactive power injected into supply system
VCAP = Capacitor voltage level
VS = Supply system voltage level
31
EXAMPLE 4.3
Incoming
3-phase, 50 Hz, 400 V
C1 C2
M1 M2
L1
32
Component Description
M1 8 units of 3-phase induction motor, each one rated at 2kVA, 0.78
lagging power factor with 88% efficiency.
M2 24 units of single-phase conveyor motor, connected in balance 3-
phase coordination, each one rated at 300 W, 0.82 lagging power
factor with 78% efficiency.
L1 Lump loads, rated at 10 kVAr, 0.9 lagging power factor.
C1 6 steps power factor corrector with the switching arrangement of (1 :
1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 4). The unit capacitor used is rated at 525 V, 2 kVAr.
C2 3 steps power factor corrector with the switching arrangement of (1 :
2 : 3). The unit capacitor used is rated at 440 V.
33
 Analyse the average power factor of this factory when both power factor
correctors, C1 and C2 are disabled.
 Recommend the proper kVAr rating for the unit capacitor used in C2 if the
power factor for the group motor circuit, M1 is to be corrected at least to
0.95 lagging. Assume C2 is switched to step 3.
 Analyse again the average power factor for this factory if C1 and C2 are
switched to step 4 and step 2, respectively.
 If the C1 and C2 in Figure are accidentally switched to its maximum steps

and L1 is disconnected due to the short circuit event, predict the overall
power factor for this installation.
34
Some issues in PFC application:

 Avoid nuisance trips  Capacitor should be  Avoid resonance as it
cause by capacitor discharge to a increases the heating
switching transients residual voltage of 50 and dielectric
 Current-limiting fuses V, 1 minute after it is stresses
at 150% to 175% of disconnected  Series resonance
the capacitor rated  Greater switching might cause “zero”
current transients will be voltage at some
 Do not set too tight or resulted if not frequencies
too loose properly discharged  Parallel resonances
will amplify harmonics
at specific
frequencies
Capacitor
Protection Harmonics
Discharge
35
Series
Resonance
36
Parallel
Resonance
37
Resonance
38
When to have filter to eliminate the harmonics?
Power factor Harmonic-producing

correction (kVAr) is
greater than 25% of
RISK load (e.g. drive load)
is greater than 40% of
the transformer kVA the transformer kVA
No problem is No problem is
expected if below 15% kVAtransformer expected if below 25%
h
Z transformer  kVAr
39
CAPACITOR SWITCHING TRANSIENTS

 Capacitor switching transient is a normal system event that can
occur whenever a capacitor is energised.
 Typically, de-energising a capacitor does not cause a system
transient.
 The transient occurs because of the difference between the
system voltage and the voltage on the capacitor.
40
 The magnitude of the transient will vary based on two variables at

the time of the switching.
41
 These variables are the initial voltage on the capacitor (trapped

charge, usually close to zero if the capacitor has been allowed to
discharge) and the instantaneous system voltage at the time of
the switching.
 The greater the difference between these two voltages, the
greater the magnitude of the transient.
 The worst case transient will occur when the system voltage is at
peak voltage and there is a trapped charge on the capacitor of
peak system voltage at the opposite polarity.
42
Where,
VS : Instantaneous system voltage (V)
C VC : Instantaneous capacitor voltage (V)
I transient  VS  VC  C : Capacitor value in F
L L : Inductance value in H
43
BACK-TO-BACK CAPACITOR SWITCHING

 This situation occurs when a second capacitor is switched on in
close (electrical) proximity to a previously energised capacitor.
 In this case a higher frequency transient initially occurs as the
previously energised capacitor shares its charge with the newly
energised capacitor.
44
 Figure below shows the energisation of a 50 kVAr, 480 V

capacitor step with trapped charge and with 150 kVAr of other
capacitor steps in service.
45
MINIMISING CAPACITOR TRANSIENTS

 There are two basic ways to minimise capacitor switching
transients.

Switch the capacitor at a point in time when the system voltage matches
the voltage on the capacitor, even if there is a trapped charge.

Insert some impedance, resistance or inductance, in the circuit to
minimise the transient (limit the capacitor inrush current, thus minimising
the resulting voltage oscillation).
46
Fundamental (50 Hz) Fifth harmonic (250

Hz)
Third harmonic (150 Hz) Resulting waveform
47
48
 This periodic phenomenon (harmonics) can be represented by a

Fourier series as follows:
n 
y (t )  Y0   Yn 2 sin nt   n  According to standards, harmonic
n 1 orders above 40 are neglected.
where:
Y0 = the amplitude of the DC component, which is generally

zero in electrical power distribution (at steady state),
Yn = the RMS value of the nth harmonic component,
n = phase angle of the nth harmonic component when t = 0.

49
Harmonics sources in industrial applications:


Static converters (n = kp ± 1 of current harmonics)

Arc furnaces

Lighting (discharge lamps or fluorescent lamps producing 3rd harmonics)

Variable speed drives

Welding machines
50
 One of the most common harmonics sources in industrial

applications is rectifier load.
 The harmonic load current demands of rectifiers may be

calculated from the rectifier formulas to find I 1, then find the odd
harmonics (single-phase) or 5, 7, 11, 13 th harmonics (six pulse)
using 1/h rule.
51
Example 4.4
A 1000 kVA three phase six-pulse rectifier serves a 2000 V DC load

using the delay angle to hold the DC voltage constant over all loads
in the range 100 kW to 250 kW. The supply transformer is rated at
1100 kVA, 13.8 kV / 6900 V, x = 20%, 50 Hz. Estimate the fifth and
seventh harmonic currents on the high voltage side of the
transformer in the 100 kW and 250 kW operating range.
52
Solution:
Find transformer reactance,
VLL2 (6900V ) 2
X base    43.28
S 1100 kVA
LS  X S  0.2  43.28  8.656
3 2 3LS
Vdc  VLL cos( )  I dc
 
2LS I dc
cos(   )  cos( )  Six-pulse Rectifier Formula
2VLL

PFdisp  cos(  )
2
53
At 250 kW,
3 2   8.656  250kW 

2000   
 6900cos    3  
      2000 
  71.003
2LS I dc
cos(   )  cos  
2VLL
2(8.656)( 250kW / 2000)
cos(71.003   )  cos(71.003) 
2 (6900)
  13.042
PFdisp  cos(   / 2)  0.216
54
P 250kW
S   1157 kVA
PFdisp 0.216
S
I1   48.405 A
3  VLL ( P )
1
I 5   I1  9.68 A
5
1
I 7   I1  6.92 A
7
55
At 100 kW,
3 2   8.656  100kW 

2000   
 6900cos    3  
      2000 
  74.990
2LS I dc
cos(   )  cos  
2VLL
2(8.656)(100kW / 2000)
cos(74.990   )  cos(74.990) 
2 (6900)
  5.206
PFdisp  cos(   / 2)  0.2149
56
P 100kW
S   465.33kVA
PFdisp 0.2149
S
I1   19.468 A
3  VLL ( P )
1
I 5   I1  3.89 A
5
1
I 7   I1  2.78 A
7
57
Summary
Current Harmonic Value (A) 12
10
8
6
4
2
0
I5(250kW) I7(250kW) I5(100kW) I7(100kW)
Harmonic Order by Application Power
58
INSTANTANEOUS LONG-TERM
CONSEQUENCES OF HARMONICS
EFFECTS EFFECTS
Additional heating on
Disturb controllers
inductive loads/ equipment
Additional errors in
induction-disk electricity Vibrations and noise
meters
Interference on
Disturb protective devices communication and control
circuits
59
Some symptoms caused by harmonics:


Voltage notching

Erratic electronic equipment operation

Computer and/ or PLC lockups

Overheating (motors, cables, transformers, neutrals)

Motor vibrations

Audible noise in transformers and rotating machines

Nuisance circuit breaker operation

Timing or digital clock errors

Electrical fires

Voltage/ generator regulator malfunctioning
60
Compatibility levels for voltage tolerance, voltage unbalance and power-

frequency variations
SELV power source
Protectively Earthed (Loads considered
(Very sensitive to Double Insulation for harmonized
disturbance) (At PCC and IPC) condition)
61
Harmonic Standard for Industrial Networks – IEC 61000-2-4:2002

Odd harmonics non-multiple of three
62

Odd harmonics multiple of three
63

Even harmonics
64
Compatibility levels for total harmonic distortion
65
Harmonic mitigation methods:
 Passive filter (or tuned filter)

 Active filter
 Multipulse transformer
 Harmonics mitigation transformer
66
Passive filter
67
 Tuned Filter
fn XC 1
hn   
f0 X L 0 LC
R kV 2 Q = quality factor
XC  Tune filter: 10 – 100
QC High pass filter: 0.5 – 5
XC R
Xn
Q
Xn  X L XC  L / C
XL Z F (h)  R  j hX L  X C / h 
Z F (h)  R  hX L  X C / h 
2 2
68
EXAMPLE 4.5
A series filter is tuned to the 11th harmonic. Given XC = 405 Ohm.

Calculate the filter elements. Take the quality factor (Q) as 50.
Solution
1 1 1
X C  405   hn   11 X LC
0C 2 50 C 0 LC R n   0.74
Q Q
C  7.86 F L  10.65mH
69
EXAMPLE 4.6
What is the tuning order and the quality factor for a 36 kV series-
tuned filter with XC = 544.5 Ohms, XL = 4.5 Ohms and R = 0.825
Ohms?
70
Active filter
71
72
Multipulse transformer
n = kp ± 1
73
Harmonics mitigation transformer (HMT)
Uses phase shifting, electromagnetic flux,

and source impedance to reduce harmonics
74
75
76

IEEE Std. 1159-1995/ MS IEC 61000
77
 Main causes of voltage sags in industrial power systems:


Faults in the system, including lightning strike

Transformer energising

Heavy load switching, mainly large motor (> 300 HP)
 Types of voltage sags:

Single Phase Sags Sudden
Q

Phase to Phase Sags

Three-phase Sags
EXAMPLE
Starting large motors or by
electrical faults inside the facility
78
Single Phase Sags

 The most common voltage sags, over 70%, are single phase
events which are typically due to a phase to ground fault occurring
somewhere on the system.
 This phase to ground fault appears as a single phase voltage sag
on other feeders from the same substation.
 Typical causes are lightning strikes, tree branches, animal contact
etc. It is common to see single phase voltage sags to 30% of
nominal voltage or even lower in industrial plants.
79
Phase to Phase Sags

 2 Phase, phase to phase sags may be caused by tree branches,
adverse weather, animals or vehicle collision with utility poles.
 The two phase voltage sag will typically appear on other feeders
from the same substation.
80
Three-phase Sags
 Symmetrical 3 phase sags account for less than 20% of all sag
events and are caused either by switching or tripping of a 3 phase
circuit breaker, switch or recloser which will create a 3 phase
voltage sag on other lines fed from the same substation.
 3 phase sags will also be caused by starting large motors but
this type of event typically causes voltage sags to approximately
80% of nominal voltage and are usually confined to an industrial
plant or its immediate neighbours.
81
Metering systems? Monitoring Motor quality? Speed variation?

systems? Accuracy problems? Motor drives effects?
EFFECTS OF
VOLTAGE SAGS
Control System? PLC? Electronic

Industrial processes? Manufacturing
process controls? Sensors?
stoppage? Restart production?
Computer controls? VSD?
82

 The dip magnitude during a fault is dependent on two impedances, the
source impedance, ZS and the impedance to the fault, ZF
ZF
VPCC  E
ZS  ZF
83
 Industrial customers who have invested heavily in production

equipment which is susceptible to voltage sags must take
responsibility for their own solutions to voltage sags or lose some
benefit from their investment.
Voltage sags are a fact of life –
they cannot readily be eliminated
from regular utility systems.
Replacement of components or devices, which

are especially sensitive, with less voltage
sensitive alternatives or installation of some
form of protection against voltage sags.
84
Identify the Measure the Choose a

Problem Problem Solution
 Equipment  Install Metering  Calculate the type

Identification  Installation of an of voltage sag
 Which equipment electronic meter correction of
is susceptible to with wave form expected future
unplanned capture capability voltage sag events
stoppages?  Record Unplanned  Correct the
 Identify the Production problem by
Voltage Sags Stoppages changing some
 Determine the  Meter Cost vs. sensitive
frequency, depth Cost of Unplanned components
and duration of the Production  Identify the size of
voltage sags Stoppage the load to be
protected in kVA
and its supply
voltage
85
 Some possible voltage sags correction methods:
Ferroresonant Transformer
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
Flywheel and Motor-Generator (MG)
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
Static Var Compensator (SVC)
Sag Proofing Transformers
86
Ferroresonant Transformer
 Also known as a constant voltage transformer (CVT), is a transformer that
operates in the saturation region of the transformer B-H curve.
 Voltage sags down to 30 % retained voltage can be mitigated using this
technique.
 Ferroresonant transformers are available in sizes up to around 25 kVA.
87
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

 UPS mitigate voltage sags by supplying the load using stored energy.
 Upon detection of a voltage sag, the load is transferred from the mains
supply to the UPS.
Block Diagram of an off-line UPS Block Diagram of an on-line UPS
88
Flywheel and Motor-Generator (MG)

 Flywheel systems use the energy stored in the inertia of a rotating flywheel
to mitigate voltage sags.
 The flywheel is accelerated to a very high speed and when a voltage sag
occurs, the rotational energy of the decelerating flywheel is utilised to supply
the load.
89
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)

 DVR injects voltage into the system in order to
bring the voltage back up to the level required
by the load during voltage sag.
 Injection of voltage is achieved by a switching
system coupled with a transformer which is
connected in series with the load.
 The difference between a DVR with storage and
a UPS is that the DVR only supplies the part of
the waveform that has been reduced due to
the voltage sag, not the whole waveform.
90
Static Var Compensator (SVC)

 A SVC is a shunt connected power electronics based device which works by
injecting reactive current into the load, thereby supporting the voltage and
mitigating the voltage sag.
91
Sag Proofing Transformers

 Also known as voltage sag
compensators, are basically a multi-
winding transformer connected in
series with the load.
 Effective for voltage sags to
approximately 40 % retained voltage.
 Only available for relatively small loads
of up to approximately 5 kVA.
92
 Flicker is defined as the variation in the luminosity produced in a

light source because of fluctuations in the supply voltage.
 The main sources of flicker are large and fast variation of
industrial loads, such as electric arc furnaces, motors, rolling mills,
mash welders, electric welders, and electric boilers.
 The voltage flicker is characterised by variation of voltage
magnitude in the range of 10% of nominal voltage and with
frequencies between 0.2 to 30 Hz.
93

 Rectangular fluctuation at a frequency of 8.8 Hz and an amplitude V = 0.4 V
(i.e., V/ V = 40 %), which modulates a mains signal of 50 Hz and amplitude
V = 1 V.
94
95
END OF CHAPTER 4
96

Chapter 4 Industrialpowerquality

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Chapter 4 Industrialpowerquality

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CHAPTER 4

INDUSTRIAL POWER QUALITY

Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Kok Boon Ching

4.1 Motor Starting Studies

4.2 Application of Industrial Power Factor Correction

4.3 Harmonics Treatment in Industrial Power Systems

4.4 Voltage Sag Analysis

4.5 Flicker Analysis

4.1 Motor Starting Studies

Starting Direct on-line

4.1 Motor Starting Studies

Direct on-line starting

Current on starting = 5 to 8 rated Current

4.1 Motor Starting Studies

4.1 Motor Starting Studies

Part winding starting

4.1 Motor Starting Studies

Resistance stator starting

4.1 Motor Starting Studies

4.1 Motor Starting Studies

Slip ring motor starting

4.1 Motor Starting Studies

Soft starter starting

4.1 Motor Starting Studies

Frequency converter starting

4.1 Motor Starting Studies

4.1 Motor Starting Studies

4.1 Motor Starting Studies

EXAMPLE 4.1: Voltage drop during motor starting

4.1 Motor Starting Studies

4.1 Motor Starting Studies

116 .43  j 350.74 369.56

4.2 Application of Industrial PFC

 Power Factor in Sinusoidal Situations

Vsin (t) Motor Load

v(t )  V1 sin(0t  1 ) Pavg Pavg

4.2 Application of Industrial PFC

 For the purely sinusoidal case,

4.2 Application of Industrial PFC

Effect of PF on Power Losses

4.2 Application of Industrial PFC

 Power Factor in Nonsinusoidal Situations

4.2 Application of Industrial PFC

 Total harmonic distortion (or distortion factor),

Vrms  V1rms 1  (THDV / 100) 2 I rms  I1rms 1  (THDI / 100) 2

4.2 Application of Industrial PFC

 True power factor,

4.2 Application of Industrial PFC

4.2 Application of Industrial PFC

Effect of PFtrue on Power Losses

4.2 Application of Industrial PFC

4.2 Application of Industrial PFC

4.2 Application of Industrial PFC

4.2 Application of Industrial PFC

At the terminals of inductive

In cases where the level of

4.2 Application of Industrial PFC (Design)

Indentify System Requirements

Analysis for Possible PQ

Resonance effect? Switching transient?

4.2 Application of Industrial PFC (Design)

4.2 Application of Industrial PFC (Design)