Circulatory, Lymphatic,

and Immune Systems

Chapter 7

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 Learning Objectives
Lesson 7.1: Overview
of Circulatory System
1. Describe the circulation of blood from the heart to the
lungs and other body tissues.
2. Differentiate arteries, veins, and capillaries.
3. Locate the major arteries and veins of the human body.
4. Define systole, diastole, and sphygmomanometer.
5. List and define at least 10 diseases of the heart and
blood vessels.

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 Circulatory System

 Pulmonary circulation carries blood between the

heart and lungs for gas exchange
 Systemic circulation carries blood between the

heart and the rest of the body’s tissues

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 The Heart
(Slide 1 of 2)

 The heart is a muscular double pump located in

the thoracic cavity and surrounded by a thin,
membranous sac, the pericardium
 The heart wall has three layers:
 Epicardium is the outer layer of the heart
 Myocardium is the thick middle layer of the heart
 Endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart

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 The Heart
(Slide 2 of 2)

 The four chambers of the heart are the left and right atria
and the left and right ventricles
 The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium and the
right ventricle
 The pulmonary semilunar (pulmonic) valve separates
the right ventricle from the pulmonary arteries
 The left atrioventricular (AV) valve, also called
the bicuspid valve or mitral valve, separates the left
atrium from the left ventricle.
 The aortic semilunar valve separates the left ventricle
from the aorta.

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 Circulation Through the Heart

 Contraction of the right ventricle forces blood out

through the pulmonary semilunar valve, through
the pulmonary trunk, and into the left and right
pulmonary arteries
 Returning to the heart via the left and right

pulmonary veins, oxygenated blood enters the left

atrium
 Contraction of the left atrium forces blood through

the mitral valve into the left ventricle

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 Contraction of the Heart
and Blood Pressure
(Slide 1 of 2)

 Each heartbeat or cardiac cycle includes a

contraction and relaxation of each chamber
 Systole (contraction) develops pressure and forces

blood through the system

 Diastole (relaxation) allows the chamber to fill

again
 The two atria contract together, as do the two

ventricles

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 Contraction of the Heart
and Blood Pressure
(Slide 2 of 2)

 Blood pressure, measured by a

sphygmomanometer, is the measure of the force of
blood on the arterial walls
 Blood pressure is given as the ratio of ventricular

systole to diastole

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 Blood Vessels

 Arteries and veins have three layers that

surround the lumen:
 Tunica adventitia or outer layer
 Tunica media or middle layer
 Tunica intima or inner layer
 Capillaries have only the tunica intima

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 Arteries

 Arteries carry blood away from the heart

 Arteries have a thick muscular wall that can

expand when blood is pumped into them and then

contract to maintain flow and pressure during
diastole
 Arteries are located deeper than veins but can be

found by feeling for a pulse

 Arteries branch into smaller arterioles, which

branch to form capillaries

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 Capillaries
 The single layer of cells allows rapid diffusion of
gases and nutrients between tissues and blood
across the capillary membrane
 In its chemical composition, capillary blood is

more similar to arterial blood than to venous

blood, especially in warmed tissue, where blood
flow is rapid

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 Veins

 Veins carry blood toward the heart

 Venules join to form larger veins
 Veins have thinner walls and less muscle than

arteries
 Veins have valves within them at various points

along their length that are pushed closed when

blood flows back against them

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 Veins of the Antecubital Fossa
 Three superficial veins on the
anterior surface are used for
blood draws:
 Cephalic
 Median
 Basilic

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 Major Arteries and
Veins of Human Body
 Some major arteries
 Aortic arch
 Posterior tibial
 Radial
 Ulnar
 Some major veins
 Carotid vein
 Axillary vein
 Cephalic vein
 Femoral vein

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 Definitions

 Systole: The contraction of the heartbeat cycle

 Develops pressure and forces blood through system
 Diastole: The relaxation of heartbeat cycle
 Allows chamber to fill again
 Sphygmomanometer: Measures blood pressure

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 Diseases of the Heart
and Blood Vessels
 Aneurysm
 Arteriosclerosis
 Stroke
 Bacterial infection
 Congestive heart failure
 Coronary artery disease
 Myocardial infarction (MI)
 Rheumatic heart disease
 Valvular heart disease
 Hemorrhoids
 Varicose veins
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 Learning Objectives
Lesson 7.2: Blood and
the Lymphatic System
(Slide 1 of 2)

6. Describe the components of whole blood.

7. Describe the three cellular elements of the blood,
including their major functions.
8. Explain the process of hemostasis.
9. For red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs),
and hemostasis, list at least three diseases that affect
each.

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 Learning Objectives
Lesson 7.2: Blood and
the Lymphatic System
(Slide 2 of 2)

10. Describe laboratory tests that may be used to detect

diseases of RBCs, WBCs, and hemostasis.
11. Differentiate lymphatic circulation from that of
blood.
12. Explain the functions of the lymphatic system.
13. Differentiate among nonspecific, humoral, and
cellular immunity.
14. Describe the functions of T and B cells.

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 Blood

 Blood is composed of:

 Plasma: the liquid
portion
 Cellular components: the
formed elements

From Applegate E: The Anatomy and Physiology

Learning System, ed 4. St. Louis, Saunders, 2011.

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 Plasma

 Plasma is composed of 90% water and 10%

dissolved proteins, amino acids, gases,
electrolytes, sugars, hormones, lipids, and
vitamins
 The most significant elements of plasma are

albumin, immunoglobulins (antibodies), and

fibrinogen
 Plasma also contains complement and electrolytes

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 Serum

 Serum is plasma without its clotting factors

 Serum is formed when blood is collected in a glass

or plastic tube and is induced to clot

 The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin forms

strands that trap all of the cellular elements

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 Formed Elements

 Formed elements comprise 45% of blood volume

 Of these, 99% are red blood cells (RBCs), with

white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets making up

the rest

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 Red Blood Cells

 RBCs carry hemoglobin, the iron-containing

oxygen transport protein that gives blood its red
color
 There are 5 million RBCs in a microliter of whole

blood
 A single RBC remains in the peripheral circulation

about 120 days before being removed by the liver,

bone marrow, or spleen

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 White Blood Cells

 WBCs protect the body against infection

 There are 5,000 to 10,000 WBCs in a microliter of

whole blood
 At any time, most WBCs are not in the blood but

in the peripheral tissues and lymphatic system

 WBC life spans vary depending on the type of

WBC
 5 types of WBCs: Neutrophils, eosinophils,

basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

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White Blood Cell Morphology

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 Platelets
 Platelets are created in the bone marrow from
megakaryocytes
 Every 1 mL of blood contains approximately

200,000 platelets, each of which remains in

circulation for 9 to 12 days

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 Hemostasis

 Hemostasis refers to the processes by which blood

vessels are repaired after injury
 There are four phases:
 Vascular phase
 Platelet phase
 Coagulation phase
 Fibrinolysis

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 Vascular Phase

 Rupture of a vein or artery causes an immediate

vascular spasm, or contraction of the smooth
muscle lining the vessel
 This reduces the vessel diameter, substantially

reducing the blood loss that would otherwise

occur

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 Platelet Phase

 Aggregating platelets become activated, releasing

factors that promote fibrin accumulation in the
next phase
 The combination of the vascular phase and the

platelet phase is called primary hemostasis

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 Coagulation Phase

 Coagulation is a cascade of enzymes and factors

ultimately resulting in a blood clot
 Coagulation is initiated by release of tissue factor

(extrinsic pathway); other plasma coagulation

factors contact the materials exposed when the
blood vessel is damaged (intrinsic pathway)

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 Coagulation Cascade

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 Fibrinolysis

 Fibrin degradation products (FDPs) are monitored

to diagnose disseminated intravascular
coagulation (DIC), a condition in which blood
clots abnormally in the circulatory system
 Fibrinolysis is controlled by plasmin, an enzyme

made from plasminogen by tissue plasminogen

activator (t-PA)

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 Blood Disorders
(Slide 1 of 2)

 Hemostasis, platelets, and clotting

 Hemophilias
 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
 Thrombocytopenia
 Thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
 Red blood cells (RBCs) and hemoglobin
 Anemia
 Polycythemia
 Sickle cell disease
 Thalassemia

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 Blood Disorders
(Slide 2 of 2)

 White blood cells (WBCs)

 Bacterial infection
 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
 Leukemia
 Mononucleosis
 Disorders of immune system
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Systemic lupus erythematosus
 Multiple sclerosis
 Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)

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 Laboratory Tests to Detect
Blood Disorders
(Slide 1 of 3)

 Hemostasis, platelets, and clotting

 Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or prothrombin
time (PT) and clotting factor activity
 Fibrin degradation product (FDP)
 D-dimer
 Fibrinogen
 Complete blood count (CBC)
 Protein C and protein S
 Red blood cells (RBCs) and hemoglobin
 Reticulocyte count
 Iron studies
 CBC
 Vitamin B12 and folate levels

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 Laboratory Tests to Detect
Blood Disorders
(Slide 2 of 3)

 Red blood cells (RBCs) and hemoglobin

 Sickle cell solubility
 Hemoglobin electrophoresis
 CBC
 White blood cells (WBCs)
 CBC with differential
 Bacterial cultures
 Anti-HIV antibody
 Western blood
 T-cell count, CD3, CD4, and CD8
 Cell marker studies
 Monospot or heterophile antibody
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 Laboratory Tests to Detect
Blood Disorders
(Slide 3 of 3)

 Disorders of immune system

 Rheumatoid factor
 Anticitrullinated peptide (anti-CCP)
 Antiphospholipid antibodies (APLs)
 Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
 Spinal tap and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
 Immunoglobulin quantitation

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 Lymphatic System
(Slide 1 of 2)

 Includes lymphatic vessels (veins, capillaries and

ducts), lymph nodes, and several organs plus the
lymph fluid flowing through the vessels
 Lymphatic vessels are closed at their distal ends, unlike
arteries and veins

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 Lymphatic System
(Slide 2 of 2)

 The lymphatic system returns tissue fluid to the

circulatory system, in the process screening it for
signs of infection, and provides a passageway for
lymphocyte patrolling the tissues

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 Lymphatic Vessels

 Closed at their distal ends (called terminal

lymphatics)
 Small lymphatic vessels feed into larger ones and

finally into the thoracic duct and right lymphatic

duct
 Lymphatic fluid is derived from fluid between

cells (called interstitial fluid)

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 Lymph Organs

 Lymph nodes: Chambers located along lymphatic

vessels; populated by lymphocytes
 Especially common in digestive, respiratory, and
urinary tracts

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 Lymphatic System Disorders

 Lymphedema is an accumulation of interstitial

fluid in tissues as a result of a blocked lymphatic
vessel
 Elephantiasis is a severe form of lymphedema
 Lymphoma is a tumor of a lymph gland
 Hodgkin’s disease is a type of lymphoma

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 Immune System
(Slide 1 of 2)

 Nonspecific immunity refers to defense against

infectious agents independent of the specific
chemical markers on their surfaces
 Nonspecific immunity includes physical barriers,

the complement system, and phagocytes (WBCs),

which engulf and destroy foreign cells without
regard to their exact identity

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 Immune System
(Slide 2 of 2)

 Specific immunity involves recognition of

antigens (particular markers) on the surface of a
foreign agent
 Recognition of these antigens triggers activation of T
cells and B cells
 Cellular immunity is T cell–based immunity
 Antibody-based immunity is B cell–based

immunity

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 Immune System Disorders

 Autoimmunity is an attack by the immune system

on the body’s own tissues
 Allergy is an inappropriately severe immune

reaction to an otherwise harmless substance

 Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) is an

inherited disorder marked by an almost total lack

of T and B cells

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 Questions?

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