Water Supply Engineering

Introduction
Water Supply Engineering
• Water Supply and Sanitation in India – Poor,
Inadequate , Low by International Standards
• Local Government Institutions – Weak in
Operation and Maintenance, Lack resources to
carry out functions
• Access to improved water sources – 72%
(1990) and 88% (2008)
• Urban - 96%; Rural - 84%; Total - 88%
Hydrological Cycle
• Average Urban Water Use – 150L/Capita/day
• Annual Investment in Water Supply and
Sanitation – US$5/capita
• Indian Norms – Improved water supply exists
if at least 40L/capita/day of safe drinking
water are provided within distance of 1.6km
or 100m elevation difference (to be relaxed as
per field conditions). One pump per 250
persons
• 35 cities > 1million population distribute water for
few hours
• According to Asian Development Bank (ADB) study in
2007 – average duration of water supply in 20 cities
was 4.3hours/day.
• Longest duration of supply – 12hrs/day in
Chandigarh and lowest duration of supply -
0.3hrs/day in Rajkot
• According to World Bank – performance indicators
not comparable with average International
Standards
• No city had continuous supply
• Depleting Groundwater Table and deteriorating
Groundwater quality threaten both urban and rural
water supply in india
• Surface water – Pollution, scarcity, Conflicts among
users (Eg., conflict over Cauvery water among Tamil
Nadu and Karnataka)
• Bangalore – Cauvery water pumped since 1974.
Cauvery Stage IV (Phase II) project includes supply of
500,000 cubic meter of water per day over a distance
of 100km
• Water supply and Sanitation – State Responsibility under
Indian constitution
• States may give responsibility to Panchayati Raj Institutions
(PRI) in rural areas or municipalities in urban areas, called
Urban Local Bodies (ULB)
• At present, states generally plan, design and execute (often
operate) through state departments (Public Health
Engineering or Rural Development Engineering) or state
water boards
• Highly centralized decision making approvals at state affect
management of water supply and sanitation services
• Planning Commission Report 2003 – trend to decentralize
capital investment to engineering departments at district
level and operation and maintenance to district and gram
panchayat levels
Only advisory capacity and limited role in funding
• Typically, a state-level agency is in charge of planning and
investment, while local government (ULBs) is in charge of
operation and maintenance
• Private Sector Participation – limited role on behalf of ULBs.
– Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company (JUSCo) –
Lease contract for Jharkhand, Management contract in
Haldia(West bengal), Mysore (Karnataka) and Contract for
reduction of non-revenue water in Bhopal (MP)
– Veolia (French Water Company) – management contract
in 3 cities (Hubli, Belgaum and Gulbarga) in Karnataka in
2005
– Thames Water
– Hydrocomp – contract for Latur city (Maharastra)
– SPML - Bulk water supply project for Bhiwandi
(Maharastra) on Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) basis
Innovative Approaches
• Demand-Driven Approach – Swajaldhara –
community participation
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) to improve
continuity of water supply in karnataka
• Micro-credit to women in order to improve
access to water
Investment and Financing
• Increased during Ist decade of 21st century
• Central Government grants under Jawaharlal
Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JNNURM) and loans from Housing and Urban
Development Corporation (HUDCO)
• 11th Five Year Plan (2007 – 2012) investments
of Rs.127025 crore for urban water supply and
sanitation including urban storm water
drainage and solid waste management – 55%
central govt., 28% state govt., 8% Institutional
financing ‘HUDCO’, 8% external agencies and
15% private sector