11 Architecture

Architecture
Etymology of Architecture
• Architecture (Latin
architectura, from
the Greek–
arkhitekton, from
"chief" and "builder,
carpenter") can
mean:
• The art and
science of
designing and
erecting buildings
and other physical
structures.
•A general
term to
describe
buildings and
other
structures.
ARCHITECTURE
• Is usually referred as
the “Mother of the
Arts” because it
houses, serves as a
background for, or
occurs in relation to
other fields of art such
as painting, sculpture,
interior design,
landscape architecture
and city planning.
Architecture
• A style and method
of design and
construction of
buildings and other
physical structures.
• The art of
designing and
constructing
buildings and other
types of structures.
Architecture
• Uses durable materials and
follows certain building
standards.
ARCHITECTURE
• Materials used in
Architecture are stone,
concrete, brick, wood,
steel, glass and plaster
Architecture
• Produces structures suited
for their purpose or function.
Three Kinds of Architecture
According to Functions
1. Interior Design –
creation or design of
the interior of a
house to suit the
personality, needs
and lifestyle of the
people living in it.
2. Landscape
Architecture –
design and
development
of landscape
and garden to
capture the
needs of the
environment
Landscape Architecture
• This is the planning

of outdoor areas for
human use and
enjoyment,
especially gardens,
parks, playgrounds,
golf courses, etc.
• Materials are plants,
trees, shrubs,
flowers, vines and
ground cover.
3. Urban/City Planning
– bridge between the
profession of urban
planning and
architecture and its
primary concern
which is the physical
form of the city and
may manifest itself in
the cultural context of
urban design.
Urban/City Planning
• This is the planning

and arranging the
physical aspects of a
large or small
community.
• Structures and areas
are concerned with all
phases of living and
working, which are
attractively and
efficiently organized
and related,
Escolta
Functional Classifications
• Religious
• Commercial
• Residential
• Recreational
• Government • Airports
• Industrial • Seaports
• Cultural/ Art • Malls
Exhibitions • Communication
• Rehabilitation Centers
Centers • Research Centers
• Observatories
• Institutional/
Service
Elements of Architecture
1. Lines
2. Colors
3. Light and
Shadow
4. Value
5. Volume
6. Space
7. Form
Principles in Architectural
Planning
1. Orientation – the
control of the effects of
sun, wind and rainfall.
2. Design – the
modification of the
effects of the natural
forces such as porches,
eaves, roofs, etc.
3. Fenestration – control
and distribution of
windows for light,
ventilation and
heating.
Principles in Architectural
Planning
4. Walls – Insulation and

heating control
5. Color – practical and
expressive qualities
for reflection and
absorption of light
6. Materials and
Techniques –
materials used and
intended use for them
Principles of Architectural Construction
1. Post-and –
Lintel – makes
use of posts or
two vertical
supports spanned
by a lintel or
horizontal beam.
A beam is placed horizontally
across upright posts and considered
the oldest of the construction
system.
2. Ancient Greek
“Orders” (styles):
composed of a shaft,
capital, and base.
http://www.bozzle.com/perClassicOrders.html
3. Entablature: includes the architrave,
frieze, and cornice.
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/architecture/entablature.html
4. The Arch –
consists of separate
pieces of wedges or
shaped blocks
arranged in semi-
circles. The keystone
is the last set stone at
top center which
locks the pieces
together.
•The arch was a purely Roman invention. An
arch is often made up of small stones called
voussoir and a large central stone called a
keystone.
5. The Vault - is an
architectural term for an
arched form used to
provide a space with a
ceiling or roof.
6. The Dome – a
roof that is
hemispherical in
form and resembles
a half ping pong ball
and built in a
framework formed
by a series of arches
rising from
consecutive points
in the base.
•The arch, vault, and

dome are variations of
the same concept that
allowed for greater
height and more space
inside a building.
A series of columns is called a colonnade.
A series of arches is called an arcade.

7. Flying Buttress:
external arch that
counter-balanced the
outward thrust of the
high, vaulted ceilings.
http://www.m-w.com/mw/art/flyingbu.htm
8. Truss system - was used during the Industrial
Revolution, many new materials were developed:
glass-- Crystal Palace (1851)
http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1158.htm
and wrought iron: The
Eiffel Tower
•This system applies to
most of the bridges,
assembly plants, theaters,
shopping malls,
gymnasium that
necessitates wide spaces
but with very few interior
supports.
Truss System
9. Cantilever –used
to support walls
and floors that are
ideally made of
steel and Ferro-
concrete; a beam
or slab extended
horizontally
beyond its
supporting part
from strong
support.
10. Skeleton
Construction –
requires the use of a
strong foundation
which will fit to the
great height of the
floor, roof and
partitions which are
usually made of
concrete and steel
Modern Architecture
Antonio Gaudi: Spanish architect– no flat
surface or straight lines (organic)
http://www.lexised.com/architecture/gaudi/casam.html
Modern Architecture
Antonio Gaudi’s most

famous building: “La
Sagrada Familia”
Modern Architecture
The 1st skyscraper was made in St. Louis,
MO by Louis Sullivan who coined the
expression “form follows function”.
Modern Architecture
Frank Lloyd Wright: American architect;
carefully considered the environment where
the building was to be constructed.
“Falling Water”
Modern Architecture
Steel and concrete
are the favored
materials for
commercial type
construction.
Wood and brick

are the favored
materials for
residential
construction.
PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
1. Nipa Hut “Bahay
Kubo” – pre-colonial
period (nipa,
bamboo and cogon)
2. Bahay na Bato -
during the Spanish
period (bricks. Stone
and tiles)
3. Neo-Classical –
during the American
period (introduces
G.I. sheets)
4. Modern-
Contemporary

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11 Architecture

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Architecture

• This is the planning

• This is the planning

4. Walls – Insulation and

•The arch, vault, and

A series of arches is called an arcade.

Antonio Gaudi’s most

Wood and brick

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