Process Flow Histogram

Chart Scatter Diagram

Cause-and-Effect Statistical Process
Diagram Control Chart
Check Sheet
Pareto Analysis

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2-3
 Cause-and-effect diagram (“fishbone” diagram)
 chart showing different categories of problem causes

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 Cause-and-effect diagram (“fishbone” diagram)
 chart showing different categories of problem causes

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Cause-and-effect matrix
 grid used to prioritize causes of quality problems

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Pareto analysis
 most quality problems result from a few causes

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 A graph that establishes
control limits of a process
 Control limits Types of charts
 upper and lower bands of a  Attributes
control chart p-chart
c-chart
 Variables
mean (x bar – chart)
range (R-chart)

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 Out of control
Upper
control
limit

Process
average

Lower
control
limit

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sample number
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 UCL = p + zp
LCL = p - zp
z = number of standard deviations from
process average
p = sample proportion defective; an
estimate of process average
p= standard deviation of sample
proportion
p(1 - p)
p =
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 NUMBER OF PROPORTION
SAMPLE DEFECTIVES DEFECTIVE
1 6 .06
2 0 .00
3 4 .04
: : :
: : :
20 18 .18
200

20 samples of 100 pairs of jeans

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 total defectives
p= = 200 / 20(100) = 0.10
total sample observations

p(1 - p) 0.10(1 - 0.10)

UCL = p + z = 0.10 + 3
n 100
UCL = 0.190

p(1 - p) 0.10(1 - 0.10)

LCL = p - z = 0.10 - 3
n 100
LCL = 0.010

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 0.20

0.18 UCL = 0.190

0.16

0.14

Proportion defective
0.12
p = 0.10
0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02 LCL = 0.010

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Sample number
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