UNIT-2

Lecture-8
• Nordheim Equation for Impurity and Alloying Effects on Resistivity

• Effect of Plastic Deformation and Cold Working

• According to Matthilssen additive rule, the total resistivity of a material is the

sum of thermal based, impurity based, and plastic deformation based
resistivities
Thermal Conductivity

The conduction of heat in solids is due to the

• Thermally excited lattice vibrations,
• Thermal motion of the free electrons

Total thermal conductivity of a solid

Thermal Properties of Some Materials
 Heating Effect of Current
Joule’s Law of Electrical Heating

Heat equivalent of this work

where J is mechanical equivalent of heat whose value is 4186 joule/kcal

Applications
• Electric furnace heating
• heater, boiler, immersion heater etc.
• Heating of filament of incandescent lamp, arc lamp etc.
• Heating of d.c. locomotive for industrial hauling
• In fuses, which is used as protection device against flow of excessive current.
• In hot wire ammeter for measuring alternating current
Thermoelectric Effect
Flow of electricity is caused due to thermal effect

1. Seebeck effect
2. Peltier effect
3. Thomson effect

Applications
• Thermocouple
• Thermopiles
• Radiomicrometer
• Thermo-milliammeter.
a) Seebeck Effect Seeback series

copper

Fe

Applications:
• thermocouple.
• Temperature (radiation)
measurement by thermopiles
• Detection of radiations by means of
radiomicrometer. (combination of a
thermocouple and a sensitive
galvanometer.)
• Measuring a.c. and d.c. by thermo-
milliammeter.
 Peltier Coefficient
Peltier Effect

According to kinetic theory, the electronic

pressure is expressed as

kinetic energy
volume V corresponding to unit charge

Peltier coefficient is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.