• ON/OFF ACTION

• DIFFERENTIAL ACTION
• PROPORTIONAL ACTION
ON/OFF ACTION

• In a closed-loop system with ON/OFF control, the

measured variable is compared to a set reference,
triggering the system to switch ON or OFF. This can lead
to rapid state changes, but inertia causes overswings and
delays before the variable aligns with the reference again .
(A)SIMPLE ON/OFF ACTION OF A ROOM HEATING

SYSTEM AND (B) DIFFERENTIAL ON/OFF ACTION.

DIFFERENTIAL ACTION

• Differential or delayed ON/OFF action is a mode of

operation where the simple ON/OFF action has
hysteresis or a dead-band built in.
PROPORTIONAL ACTION

• Proportional control adjusts a process by comparing the

output to a reference, using an amplified error signal to
modify a control valve. This method ensures fast
reaction times and minimal overshoot in industrial
systems, vital for maintaining tight processing
tolerances with multiple variables and outputs.
FEEDBACK LOOP FOR CONSTANT
TEMPERATURE OUTPUT
• Demand fluctuates in a system with
multiple cleaning stations. Initially,
with only one station in use, the flow
rate is low. As additional stations start
cleaning, the demand may rise
gradually or experience a sudden,
significant increase, causing a drop in
water temperature due to the elevated
flow rate.
LOAD CHANGES ON THE TEMPERATURE OF THE
WATER FROM THE WATER HEATER.

• The rate of correction will

depend on the inertia in the
system,gain in the feedback
loop, allowable amount of
overshoot, and so forth.
EFFECT OF LOOP GAIN ON CORRECTION TIME USING
PROPOR-TIONAL ACTION WITH OVER CORRECTION AND
UNDER CORRECTION.

• Comparing over-corrected (excessive

gain) and under-corrected (too little
gain) scenarios to the optimum gain
case reveals that the variable takes
significantly longer to implement
corrections, resulting in undesirable
delays or lag times in many processes.