Dam in Water Supply

and Wastewater
12/4/2023
Introduction to Dams
 Importance of dams in Water Supply
Challenges in water supplying by dams
Types of Dams
Concrete Dams
 Earthfill Dams
 Rockfill Dams
Wastewater
Management
Collection Systems
 Treatment Methods
 Wastewater Reuse
Dam Safety
Inspection Protocols
 Emergency Preparedness
 Monitoring and Surveillance
Environmental Impact
Ecosystem Preservation
 Biodiversity Protection
 Sustainable Development
Social and Economic Factors

Community Resettlement
 Economic Benefits
 Public Participation
Case Studies
Hoover Dam, USA
 Three Gorges Dam, China
 Aswan High Dam, Egypt
Future Trends
Smart Dam Technologies
 Renewable Energy Integration
 Climate Change Adaptation
 Dams in Civil Engineering
and water supply management
 01
What really is a “Dam”?
Dam,
is a structure built across a river or stream to
hold back water. People have used different
materials to build dams over the centuries.
Ancient dam builders used natural materials
such as rocks or clay. Modern-day dam
builders often use concrete.
Uses of Dams
Since we have developed a basic understanding of what a
dam is, let us look into the uses of dams. It is considered
as a significant water resource. They provide water for a
variety of reasons, including home usage, irrigation, and
industrial applications. Dams are also utilized to produce
hydropower power and make river transportation easier.
● Crest: The top of the Dam. These may in some cases
be used for providing a roadway or walkway over the
dam.
● Parapet walls: Low Protective walls on either side of
the roadway or walkway on the crest.
● Heel: Portion of Dam in contact with ground or river-
bed at upstream side.
● Toe: Portion of dam in contact with ground or river-bed
at downstream side.
● Spillway: It is the arrangement made (kind of
passage) near the top of dam for the passage of
surplus/ excessive water from the reservoir.
● Abutments: The valley slopes on either side of the
dam wall to which the left & right end of dam are fixed
to.
● Gallery: Level or gently sloping tunnel like passage (small room like space) at transverse
or longitudinal within the dam with drain on floor for seepage water. These are generally
provided for having space for drilling grout holes and drainage holes. These may also be
used to accommodate the instrumentation for studying the performance of dam.
● Sluice way: Opening in the dam near the base, provided to clear the silt accumulation in
the reservoir.
● Free board: The space between the highest level of water in the reservoir and the top of
the dam.
● Dead Storage level: Level of permanent storage below which the water will not be
withdrawn.
● Diversion Tunnel: Tunnel constructed to divert or change the direction of water to bypass
the dam construction site. The dam is built while the river flows through the diversion
tunnel.
EARTH DAMS
Earth dam is made of earth (or soil) built up by compacting
successive layers of earth, using the most impervious materials
to form a core and placing more permeable substances on the
upstream and downstream sides. A facing of crushed stone
prevents erosion by wind or rain, and an ample spillway, usually
of concrete, protects against catastrophic washout should the
water overtop the dam. Earth dam resists the forces exerted
upon it mainly due to shear strength of the soil.
ARCH DAMS
AND HOW
THEY BUILT
Arch Dams: An arch dam is curved in plan, with its
convexity towards the upstream side. An arch dam
transfers the water pressure and other forces mainly
to the abutments by arch action. An arch dam is
quite suitable for narrow canyons with strong flanks
which are capable of resisting the thrust produced
by the arch action.
Structural side of arch dams

An arch dam–reservoir system is shown.

The physical properties of the dam body
and water are the same as those in the
example of the gravity dam. The arch
dam is of a height of 22 m and the near-
field reservoir covers a region of the
dam height. The dam body is discretized
with 272 20-node hexahedron solid
elements, the near-field reservoir with
1088 20-node hexahedron acoustic fluid
elements, and the dam–reservoir
interface with 136 eight-node interface
elements.
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