Basic Instrumentation

Delivered by: Rahat Sarwar

 Basic Instrumentation

Instrumentation
Introduction
 Basic Instrumentation

Introduction
Any system used to achieve and maintain its
desired requirements (target) is called
instrumentation.
It also rejects any abnormality or disturbance.
These targets are achieved in three steps,

Observe (Surrounding conditions).

Decide (Compare with requirements)
Act (To perform corrective actions).
 Basic Instrumentation
Concept of Instrumentation
Brain

Measure / Observe
weather, traffic, speed

Compare / Decide
Increase or decrease speed

Control / Act
Performs control by muscles
 Basic Instrumentation
Manual Process Control Example # 1
Manually temperature control without instrumentation.
 Basic Instrumentation
Manual Process Control Example # 2
Manually temperature control with half instrumentation.
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Automatic Process Control
Automatic temperature control with full instrumentation.
 Basic Instrumentation

Operation Performed by a Control Loop.

• Measurement
• Decision
• Action

Basic Components of a Control Loop.

• Sensor / Transmitters
• Controller
• Final Control Element
 Basic Instrumentation
Process Variables
Physical Variables Chemical Variables
 Pressure  pH
 Temperature  Conductivity
 Level  Oxygen in Flue Gas
 Flow  Oxygen in Liquids
 Vibration
 Oxygen in Process Gas
 Displacement
 CH4
 Speed
 CO
 Acceleration
 CO2
 Expansion
 Velocity  Ar
 NH3
 Terminologies

• Measurement: A measurement is a result that we obtain by measuring

something with a standard unit.

• Control: To control a process, machine or system means to make it work in

the way that is required to achieve useful & economic results.

• Process Variable (PV): A quantity that can be measured and can change in
an industrial process is called a process variable, for example: Pressure,
Temperature, Level, Flow, etc.

• Controlled Variable: The variable that must be maintained or controlled at

some desired value.
 Terminologies

Manipulated Variable (MV): The variable used to maintain the

controlled variable at its set point.

Transmitter (TX): A device which converts measured value in to

a standard signal.

Control Valve (CV): A device directly changes the value of the

manipulated variable by changing flow rate.

 Basic Instrumentation

Types of Transmitters

Pneumatic Transmitters Electronic Transmitters

 Types of Transmitters

Pneumatic Transmitters Electronic Transmitters

Pneumatic Transmitters Electronic Transmitters

 Types of Transmitters

Pneumatic Transmitters
 Types of Transmitters

Electronic Transmitters
Plant Process
Control Room View
Q & A Session ????