Lesson 6

Lesson 2.
Vector Addition through

Analytical Method
General Physics 1/2

1
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Consider a race car shown below.
What are the forces present in this car?
The car has weight. Weight acts downward.
weight
While running, the tires of the car experience
friction with the pavement.
running in this
direction
friction
The sum of these forces, among others,
determine whether the car will move or not.
You learned in the
past lessons that
resultant vectors can
be solved graphically.
But can we do vector
addition analytically?
How are two or more vectors
added analytically?
Learning Competency
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
Perform addition of vectors

(STEM_GP12V-Ia-9).
Learning Objectives
● Understand the rules in adding vectors using the

analytical method.
● Add two or more vectors using the analytical

method.
Recall: Graphical Method of Adding Vectors
Vectors can be added by placing them head to tail.
Graphical method, however, is prone to measurement errors.

Analytical Method of Adding Vectors
Consider the word problem below.
Denise walks every day from her house to the school. First,
she covers 10 m, 20° north of east. Then, she walked 15 m
in a direction 50° north of east. What is her resultant
displacement?
We can represent the displacements as vectors.
she covers 10 m, 20° north of east. Then, she walked 15 m
in a direction 50° north of east. What is her resultant
displacement?
What is Denise’s resultant

displacement?
Step 1: Determine whether

the angles given were
measured from the +x-axis.
Vector A is 10 m, 20º NE.

What is Denise’s resultant

displacement?
Step 1: Determine whether

the angles given were
measured from the +x-axis.
Vector B is 15 m, 50º NE.

What is Denise’s resultant displacement?
Step 2: Resolve each vector into its x- and y-components.

Step 3: Add all components together.

Distance Angle x-component y-component
A = 10 m 𝜃 = 20° 9.40 m 3.42 m
B = 15 m 𝜃 = 50° 9.64 m 11.49 m
Rx = 19.04 m Ry = 14.91 m
Step 4: Calculate the magnitude of the vector using the

Pythagorean theorem.
Step 5: Calculate the angle 𝜃 using the inverse tangent

function.
she covers 10 m, 20° north of east. Then, she walked 15 m in
a direction 50° north of east. What is her resultant
displacement?
The resultant vector of Denise is 24.18 m, 38.06° or

38.06° north of east.
Remember
Always check whether your calculator is

in the degree mode before proceeding
to the calculations. All your calculations
would be different if this is not
addressed beforehand.
Let’s Practice!
A car covered 25 km, 60° north of east on its initial

route. Afterwards, it covered 50 km in the direction
30° north of west. What is its resultant displacement?
Let’s Practice!
A car covered 25 km, 60° north of east on its initial

route. Afterwards, it covered 50 km in the direction
30° north of west. What is its resultant displacement?
The resultant displacement is 55.90 km, 123.43° or

56.57° north of west.
Try It!
During his early morning training, Louie

jogged 10 km, 20° south of west. He then
covered another 15 km in the direction
of 60° south of east before resting. What
is his resultant displacement?
Let’s Practice!
A person covered three displacement vectors as

shown below. What is his resultant displacement?
Let’s Practice!
A person covered three displacement vectors as

shown below. What is his resultant displacement?
The resultant displacement is 532.99 m, 6.36° or 6.36°

north of east.
Try It!
Find the resultant vector R if A is 95 N,

30° north of east, B is 50 N, south while
C has a magnitude of 75 N and a
direction of 45° south of west.
Let’s Practice!
Four sled dogs are pulling a 1000 kg load. Sled dog A

is pulling the load at 20 N, 10° north of east. Sled dog
B is pulling the load at 55 N, 70° north of east. Sled
dog C is pulling the load at 45 N, 33° north of west,
while sled dog D exerts 30 N at a direction of 80°
south of west. What is the resultant force acting on
the load?
Let’s Practice!
Four sled dogs are pulling a 1000 kg load. Sled dog A

is pulling the load at 20 N, 10° north of east. Sled dog
B is pulling the load at 55 N, 70° north of east. Sled
dog C is pulling the load at 45 N, 33° north of west,
while sled dog D exerts 30 N at a direction of 80°
south of west. What is the resultant force acting on
the load?
The resultant force is 50.32 N, 95.06° or 84.94° north
of west.
Try It!
A plane covered four routes with the

following velocities: A = 50 m/s, 30°
south of east, B = 20 m/s, 60° south of
west, C = 70 m/s, 25° south of west, and
D = 65 m/s, 15° north of west. What is
the resultant velocity of the plane?
How can you check whether the
angle 𝜃 from the inverse
tangent function was measured
from the +x-axis?
Check Your Understanding
Write the correct word(s) in the space provided to

complete the sentence.
1. The ___________ function is used to calculate the x-

component of a vector.
2. The ___________ function is used to calculate the y-
component of a vector.
3. The ___________ function is used to calculate the
direction of the resultant vector.
Calculate the resultant vector using the analytical

method.
1. = 650 N, 270°; = 550 N, 32° north of west

2. = 130 m, 19° north of east; = 200 m, 70° north of east
3. = 22 m/s, 70° north of west; = 53 m/s, 60° south of
east
Let’s Sum It Up!
● The analytical method of adding vectors utilizes

the trigonometric functions and the Pythagorean
theorem. It is more accurate and less time
consuming than the graphical method.
● Before resolving the components, ensure first

that the angle is measured from the +x-axis.
Let’s Sum It Up!
Steps in adding vectors using the analytical method:
1. Calculate the x- and y-components of all the

vectors. Use the cosine function to calculate the x-
component, and the sine function to determine
the y-component.
Let’s Sum It Up!
2. After this, add all the x-components together. Do

the same for the y-components. The sums are
the x- and y-components of the resultant vector.
3. Use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the
magnitude of the resultant vector.
Let’s Sum It Up!
4. Use the inverse tangent function to determine

the direction of the resultant vector. Check first
whether the angle 𝜃 from your calculation is
measured from the +x-axis or not. Express it in
the correct notation.
Key Formulas
Concept Formula Description
Use this formula to

Vector Addition
calculate the x-
through Analytical where
component of a
Method ● Ax is the x-
vector.
component of the
vector
● A is the magnitude
of the vector
● 𝜃 is the angle
measured from the
+x-axis
Key Formulas
Use this formula to

Vector Addition
calculate the y-
component of a
Method ● Ay is the y-
vector.
component of the
vector
of the vector
● 𝜃 is the angle
measured from the
+x-axis
Key Formulas
Use this formula to

Vector Addition
calculate the
magnitude of the
Method ● R is the magnitude
resultant vector.
of the resultant
vector
● Rx is the x-
component of the
resultant vector
● Ry is the y-
component of the
Key Formulas
Use this formula to

Vector Addition
determine the
direction of the
Method ● 𝜃 is the angle
resultant vector.
● Rx is the x-
component of the
resultant vector
● Ry is the y-
component of the
resultant vector
Challenge Yourself
What are examples of nonzero

vectors with either of its x- or y-
component as zero? Explain your
answer.
Lesson 2.5
Vector Multiplication
General Physics 1/2

1
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Can you name different kitchen appliances that
use electric motors?
These appliances use
electric motors which
are rated based on the
amount of work they
can do and how much
torque is needed to
drive them.
Torque is a twisting force that keeps the motor
running. These two quantities—work and torque
—are derived from vector multiplication.
How does vector multiplication
work? What are the basic rules
you need to keep in mind when
multiplying vectors?
Learning Competencies
This lesson serves as an enrichment for the following DepEd competency:
Perform addition of vectors (STEM_GP12V-

Ia-9).
Learning Objectives
● Differentiate scalar product from vector product.
● Identify the applications of scalar product and

vector product.
● Use the right-hand rule to determine the direction

of a vector product.
Several physics quantities are defined using products of two

other quantities.
work
torque
How does a scalar product differ
from a vector product?
Scalar Product
● The scalar product of a vector and another vector will
result in a scalar quantity.
● It is also referred to as a dot product.

Scalar Product
Scalar Product
● When can the scalar product be positive?
● When can the scalar product be negative?
● When can the scalar product be zero?

Scalar Product
● What happens when vectors are parallel?

Scalar Product
● What happens when vectors are antiparallel?

Scalar Product
Scalar product follows these laws.
Commutative Law
Distributive Law
Let’s Practice!
Find the scalar product between the two vectors if

the magnitude of A is 9.0 and B is 15.0 and the angle
between them is 45º.
Let’s Practice!
Find the scalar product between the two vectors it

the magnitude of A is 9.0 and B is 15.0 and the angle
between them is 45º.
The scalar product is 95.

Try It!
Find the scalar product between the two

vectors if A has a magnitude of 5 km
and B has a magnitude of 6 km. The
angle between them is 150º.
Let’s Practice!
Find the magnitude of vector A if the scalar product

between A and B is 30 m, the magnitude of B is 10 m,
and the angle between the vectors is 60º.
Let’s Practice!
Find the magnitude of vector A if the scalar product

between A and B is 30 m, the magnitude of B is 10 m,
and the angle between the vectors is 60º.
The magnitude of A is 6 m.
Try It!
What is the magnitude of vector B if A

has a magnitude of 10 m, the scalar
product between B and A is 70 m, and
the angle between the vectors is 120º?
Let’s Practice!
Find the angle between the two vectors A and B with

magnitudes and 4, respectively. The scalar product
of the two vectors is .
Let’s Practice!
Find the angle between the two vectors A and B with

magnitudes and 4, respectively. The scalar product
of the two vectors is .
The angle between the two vectors is 71.17° or 70°.

Try It!
What is the angle between the two

vectors C and D if their magnitudes are
120 m and 200 m, respectively having a
scalar product of 12 000?
Vector Product
The vector product or the cross product of two vectors will
result in a vector quantity.
Vector Product
Scalar Product
● What happens when vectors are parallel?
● What happens when vectors are antiparallel?

Remember
Do not interchange the expression

ABcosɸ and ABsinɸ. The former is used
to calculate the scalar product of two
vectors while the latter is used to
determine the magnitude of the vector
product.
Right-Hand Rule
The direction of the vector product lies perpendicular to the
plane containing both vectors.
That direction is determined by the right-hand rule.

Right-Hand Rule
Begin by placing two vectors tail to tail.
Right-Hand Rule
Point the fingers in your right

hand along A, while your
palms face vector B. Curl your
fingers toward B.
Right-Hand Rule
What if you want to determine
the cross product B x A? Will
the results be the same?
Right-Hand Rule
Another version of the right-
hand rule uses the index
finger, the middle finger, and
the thumb.
Vector Product
The following properties apply to vector product.
Anticommutative Property
Distributive Law
Let’s Practice!
Find the magnitude of the vector product , if

is 9 m along the x-axis and is 12 m located along
the xy-plane, making a 50°-angle with respect to the
x-axis.
Let’s Practice!
Find the magnitude of the vector product , if

is 9 m along the x-axis and is 12 m located along
the xy-plane, making a 50°-angle with respect to the
x-axis.
The magnitude of the vector product is 82.73 m.

Try It!
What is the magnitude of the cross

product of vectors C and D, if vector C is
5 units along the y-axis while vector D is
3 units located along the xy-plane?
Vector D makes a 20°-angle with respect
to the y-axis.
Let’s Practice!
Find the magnitude of vector if the magnitude of

the vector product is 150 m and the
magnitude of is 80 m. The angle between the two
vectors is 45°.
Let’s Practice!
Find the magnitude of vector if the magnitude of

the vector product is 150 m and the
magnitude of is 80 m. The angle between the two
vectors is 45°.
The magnitude of vector is 2.65 m.

Try It!
Find the magnitude of vector if the

magnitude of the vector product
is 50 units and the magnitude of is 20
units. The angle between the two
vectors is 100°.
Let’s Practice!
Determine the angle and

the specific direction
between vectors and
if their magnitudes are 40
units and 65 units,
respectively. The
magnitude of the vector
product is 1300 units.
Let’s Practice!
Determine the angle and

the specific direction
between vectors and
if their magnitudes are 40
units and 65 units,
respectively. The
magnitude of the vector
product is 1300 units.
The angle between the two vectors is 30°. The vector
product is directed into the page.
Try It!
Find the angle between the two vectors

A and B shown in the figure on the next
slide. The magnitudes of the vectors are
31/2 and 5, respectively. The magnitude
of the vector product is equal to 61/2.
Specify also the direction of the vector
product.
Try It!
What are examples of scalar and
vector products?
Identify the word(s) being described in each

statement.
1. It is the other name given for a scalar product.

2. It is the other name given for a vector product.
3. It is a property of the scalar product which specifies that
even if the vectors are reversed or moved around, the
product would still be the same.
Write true if the statement is correct. Otherwise, write

false.
1. The scalar product of two vectors is a scalar quantity.

2. The vector product of two vectors is a vector quantity.
3. The magnitude of a vector product can have a negative
value.
Let’s Sum It Up!
● The scalar product of two vectors is a scalar

quantity.
○ It is also known as a dot product.
○ The scalar product between two vectors can be
calculated by multiplying their magnitudes with
the cosine of the angle between them.
○ Examples of scalar products are work and
electric potential.
Let’s Sum It Up!
● The vector product of two vectors results in a

vector quantity.
○ It is also known as a cross product.
○ The magnitude of the vector product can be
calculated by multiplying the magnitudes of
the two vectors with the sine of the angle
between them.
Let’s Sum It Up!
● The vector product of two vectors results in a

vector quantity.
○ The direction of the vector product can be
determined using the right-hand rule.
○ Examples of vector products are torque and
angular momentum.
Let’s Sum It Up!
● Both kinds of multiplication have the distributive

property. However, only the scalar product has a
commutative property. The vector product, on the
other hand, has an anticommutative property.
Key Formulas
Use this formula to

Scalar or Dot
solve for the scalar or
Product where
dot product of two
vectors if the
of vector A
magnitudes of both
● B is the magnitude
of vector B vectors and the angle
● 𝜙 is the angle between the vectors
between the two are given.
vectors
Key Formulas
Use this formula to

Vector or Cross
solve for the
Product where
magnitude of the
vector product or
of vector A
cross product of two
● B is the magnitude
of vector B vectors if the
● 𝜙 is the angle magnitudes of both
between the two vectors and the angle
vectors between the vectors
Challenge Yourself
Why is the expression ABcosɸ cannot

be used to calculate the magnitude
of the vector product?
Bibliography
Faughn, Jerry S. and Raymond A. Serway. Serway’s College Physics (7th ed). Singapore: Brooks/Cole,
2006.
Giancoli, Douglas C. Physics Principles with Applications (7th ed). USA: Pearson Education, 2014.
Knight, Randall D. Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach (4th ed). USA: Pearson
Education, 2017.
Serway, Raymond A. and John W. Jewett, Jr. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics (9th
ed). USA: Brooks/Cole, 2014.
Young, Hugh D., Roger A. Freedman, and A. Lewis Ford. Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with
Modern Physics (13th ed). USA: Pearson Education, 2012.
Bibliography
Faughn, Jerry S. and Raymond A. Serway. Serway’s College Physics (7th ed). Singapore: Brooks/Cole,
2006.
Giancoli, Douglas C. Physics Principles with Applications (7th ed). USA: Pearson Education, 2014.
Knight, Randall D. Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach (4th ed). USA: Pearson
Education, 2017.
Serway, Raymond A. and John W. Jewett, Jr. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics (9th
ed). USA: Brooks/Cole, 2014.
Young, Hugh D., Roger A. Freedman, and A. Lewis Ford. Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with
Modern Physics (13th ed). USA: Pearson Education, 2012.

Lesson 6

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Lesson 2.

Vector Addition through

General Physics 1/2

Perform addition of vectors

● Understand the rules in adding vectors using the

● Add two or more vectors using the analytical

Vectors can be added by placing them head to tail.

Graphical method, however, is prone to measurement errors.

Consider the word problem below.

We can represent the displacements as vectors.

What is Denise’s resultant

Step 1: Determine whether

Vector A is 10 m, 20º NE.

What is Denise’s resultant

Step 1: Determine whether

Vector B is 15 m, 50º NE.

What is Denise’s resultant displacement?

Step 2: Resolve each vector into its x- and y-components.

What is Denise’s resultant displacement?

Step 3: Add all components together.

Distance Angle x-component y-component

A = 10 m 𝜃 = 20° 9.40 m 3.42 m

B = 15 m 𝜃 = 50° 9.64 m 11.49 m

What is Denise’s resultant displacement?

Step 4: Calculate the magnitude of the vector using the

What is Denise’s resultant displacement?

Step 5: Calculate the angle 𝜃 using the inverse tangent

The resultant vector of Denise is 24.18 m, 38.06° or

Always check whether your calculator is

A car covered 25 km, 60° north of east on its initial

A car covered 25 km, 60° north of east on its initial

The resultant displacement is 55.90 km, 123.43° or

During his early morning training, Louie

A person covered three displacement vectors as

A person covered three displacement vectors as

The resultant displacement is 532.99 m, 6.36° or 6.36°

Find the resultant vector R if A is 95 N,

Four sled dogs are pulling a 1000 kg load. Sled dog A

Four sled dogs are pulling a 1000 kg load. Sled dog A

A plane covered four routes with the

Write the correct word(s) in the space provided to

1. The ___________ function is used to calculate the x-

Calculate the resultant vector using the analytical

1. = 650 N, 270°; = 550 N, 32° north of west

● The analytical method of adding vectors utilizes

● Before resolving the components, ensure first

Steps in adding vectors using the analytical method:

1. Calculate the x- and y-components of all the

Steps in adding vectors using the analytical method:

2. After this, add all the x-components together. Do

Steps in adding vectors using the analytical method:

4. Use the inverse tangent function to determine

Concept Formula Description

Use this formula to

Concept Formula Description

Use this formula to

Concept Formula Description

Use this formula to

Concept Formula Description

Use this formula to

What are examples of nonzero

General Physics 1/2