Duration: 95 min Grade: 9 -12 CCSS, NGSS

EXOGENIC
PROCESSES

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• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A ROCK FORMING MATERIAL:
• 1. PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF LIGHT
• -COLOR
• 2. MOHS SCALE
• -HARDNESS
• 3. REFLECTIVE
• -LUSTER
• 4. HIT WITH A HAMMER
• -CLEAVAGE
• 5.POWDERED MINERAL PRODUCED
• -STREAK
• 6.DENSITY OF A MINERAL
• -SPECIFIC GRAVITY
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES
• include geological phenomena and processes that originate
externally to the Earth's surface
• Weathering-is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and
minerals on Earths surface.
• Weathering begins as soon as rocks are exposed to one or more
elements of weather on the surface of earth.
• Depending on the climate.
• PHYSICAL WEATHERING ( MECHANICAL WEATHERING)
• Whenever rocks are broken up without any change in their chemical
composition
EXOGENIC PROCESSES
• Depending on the factor that acts on the rock.
• Pressure, warm temperature, water and ice.
• 3 types of physical weathering:
• 1. disintegration- cause by successive heating and cooling that causes
the expansion and contraction of rocks.
• -in hot desert region, high diurnal range of temperature day and night
Causes expansion and contraction of the rocks.
Repeated expansion and contraction= breaking down of rock, block by
block
EXOGENIC PROCESSES
• Exfoliation- stripping of the outer layer of rocks due to intense
heating.
-why only the outside layer of the is removed?
Since rocks are poor conductors of heat, the inner layer remain almost
unaffected by heat.
Repeated expansion and contraction=the outer layers of the rock peels
off from the main rock in the form of concentric shells
CONCENTRIC
SHELLS
EXOGENIC PROCESSES
• Chemical weathering
• Weakening or disintegration of rocks and the formation of new
compounds or new substance caused by chemical reaction
• Oxidation- process in which oxygen reacts with rock and changes its
mineral composition.
• -ferrous minerals-iron containing-minerals
• BUT WHY?
• Oxygen in humid air reacts with iron in the rocks to form oxides of iron
called rust. Rust can break down rocks when given enough time.
Rusting of ferrous
minerals
EXOGENIC PROCESSES
• Carbonation-is the process involving the formation of various types of
carbonates in the rocks
• Some type of carbonate are soluble in water.
• -when rainwater containing carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, it
passes through permeable limestone rocks.
• This process results in the enlargement of rocks and lime which holds
particles together.
Rock material react
with carbonic acid
EXOGENIC PROCESSES
• Hydration- is the result of the absorption or combination of water and
a particular substance on the rock, leading to a change in shape
EXOGENIC PROCESSES
• Solution- is the process in which some of the minerals in rocks are
directly dissolve in water.
• As water continues to remove substance in rock, the rock is deformed,
broken into pieces, rock salt and gypsum are removed through this
process.
Rock salt and
gypsum
EXOGENIC PROCESSES
• -BIOTIC WEATHERING (BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING)
• Disintegration of rocks caused by living organism.
• Plants-the roots the plats penetrate into the joints of the rocks
searching for moisture
• as the roots grow larger and thicker, they exert pressure on the rocks.
• Serves a wedge, widening and extending the crack, and breaking the
rock into fragments
BIOTIC WEATHERING
Animals-like earthworms, rats, rabbits, termites and ants breakdown
the rocks through burrowing
Humans-play a very important role in the weathering of rocks.
-provision of agriculture,
Construction of house and roads
-mining
-acid rain due to pollution
MASS WASTING
• Refers to the downslope movement of rocks, regolith and soil.
• Mass wasting is a natural process that occurs after weathering.
• It is considered as a natural hazard .
• Are classified based on their moisture (water content) and speed (rate
of movement)
• Saturation of water destroys the cohesion of rock particles. Causing
them to become loosing
• Type of motion in mass wasting:
MASS WASTING
• FALL- free fall movement of
detached individual pieces of rock
• SLIDE- occur when rock material
remain fairly coherent and move
along a well-defined surface.
• FLOW- happens when rock
materials are saturated with water
and move downslope as a viscous
fluid.
SOIL EROSION
The removal of soil at greater rate than its replacement by natural agencies.
Wind erosion-happens when wind carry large amount of fine soil particles
and sand away from region.
Sheet erosion-is the removal of thin layers os soil because of surface run off
and rain. This erosion is common along th riverbeds and areas affected by
floods.
Rill erosion-removal of soil by the action of concentrated running water
This process creates several centimeter-deep tiny channels called rills,
which carry water during storms
Gully erosion-removal of soil in water channels or drainage lines.
the gullies gradually multiply and spread over a wide area. The land being
dissected is called badlands or ravines.
• Wind erosion riff erosion

• Sheet erosion gully erosion

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