TEKNIK-TEKNIK

PENGINTEGRALAN
RUMUS-RUMUS INTEGRAL

n 1
x 1
 x dx  n  1  C (n  1)  x dx  ln | x | C
n

x
a
 e dx  e C  a dx  ln a  C
x x x
FORMULAS OF INTEGRALS

 sin x dx   cos x  C  cos x dx  sin x  C

 dx  tan x  C  dx   cot x  C
2 2
sec csc

 sec x tan x dx  sec x  C  csc x cot x dx   csc x  C

FORMULAS OF INTEGRALS

 sinh x dx  cosh x  C  cosh x dx  sinh x  C

 tan x dx  ln | sec x | C  cot x dx  ln | sin x | C

1 1 1  x  1  x
 x2  a 2 dx  a tan  a   C 
1
dx  sin    C
a2  x2 a
Integral dengan Substitusi

• Ingat Aturan Rantai pada Turunan :

d
f ( g ( x))  f ' ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)
dx
• Jika kedua ruas diintegralkan, maka diperoleh
d
 dx
f ( g ( x))dx   f ' ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)dx

f ( g ( x))  C   f ' ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)dx

dari definisi integral tak tentu

Selanjutnya…..

 f ' ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)dx  f ( g ( x))  C

• Misal u = g(x), maka du = g’(x)dx

• Disubstitusi ke atas diperoleh

 f ' (u )du  f (u )  C
 Langkah – langkah integral dgn substitusi

1. Mulai dengan fungsi yang diintegralkan

2. Kita misalkan u = g(x)
3. Hitung du
4. Substitusi u dan du
5. Integralkan
6. Ganti u dengan g(x)
Contoh 1

Hitunglah  sin(3 x  5)dx

Jawab
Misalkan u = 3x + 5 , maka du = 3 dx , dx = 1/3 du
Substitusi ke fungsi di atas diperoleh

 sin(3 x  5)dx   sin udu   cos u  C   cos(3 x  5)  C

Contoh 2

• Hitunglah

3 x 2  5
9 xe dx

• Jawab
• Misalkan u = -3x2 + 5 , maka du = -6x dx atau
x dx = -1/6 du
9 u 9 u 9 3 x 2  5

3 x 2  5
9 xe dx    e du   e  C   e C
6 6 6
 Contoh 3

• Hitunglah
 tan xdx

• Jawab
sin x
 tan xdx  
cos x
dx

• Misalkan u = cos x , maka du = -sin x dx atau

sin x dx = -du.
Sehingga
•
sin x  du
 tan xdx  
cos x
dx  
u
  ln u  C   ln cos x  C  ln sec x  C
 8.1 Integration by parts
d dv du
Product Rule: uv   u  v
dx dx dx
d dv du
 dx uv dx   u dxdx   v dx dx
uv   udv   vdu

 udv  uv   vdu
 Integration by parts

 udv  uv   vdu
Let dv be the most complicated part of the
original integrand that fits a basic integration
Rule (including dx). Then u will be the remaining
OR
Let u be a portion of the integrand whose
derivative is a function simpler than u. Then
dv will be the remaining factors (including dx).
 Integration by parts

 udv  uv   vdu


x
xe dx u=x dv= exdx
du = dx v = ex

 
x x x
xe dx  xe  e dx


x x x
xe dx  xe  e  C
 Integration by parts

 udv  uv   vdu


2
x ln xdx u = lnx dv= x2dx
du = 1/x dx v = x3 /3

3 3 3 2
x x 1 x x
 x ln xdx  3 ln x   3 x dx  3 ln x   3 dx
2

3 3
x x
 x ln xdx  3 ln x  9  C
2
 Integration by parts

 udv  uv   vdu

 arcsin xdx u = arcsin x

du 
1
1 x 2
dx v=x
dv= dx

x
 arcsin xdx  x arcsin x   1  x2
dx

 arcsin xdx  x arcsin x 

2
1 x  C
 Integration by parts  udv  uv   vdu

2 u = x2 dv = sin x dx
x sin xdx
du = 2x dx v = -cos x
x sin xdx   x cos   2 x cos xdx
2 2

u = 2x dv = cos x dx
du = 2dx v = sin x
 cos x  2 x sin x   2sin xdx
2 2
x sin xdx   x

x
2 2
sin xdx   x cos x  2 x sin x  2cos x  C
Example 2:
 u dv  uv   v du
 ln x dx LIPET
logarithmic factor u  ln x dv  dx

u v   v du 1
du  dx vx
x
1
ln x  x   x  dx
x
x ln x  x  C
Example 3:
 u dv  uv   v du LIPET
 x e dx
2 x

u  x2 dv  e x dx
u v   v du
du  2 x dx ve x

x 2 e x   e x  2 x dx

x 2 e x  2  xe x dx Thisuis still
x a product,
dv  e dx
x
so we need to use

x 2 e x  2 xe x   e x dx  du  dx v
integration by parts e x

again.
x e  2 xe  2e  C
2 x x x
Example 4: LIPET
u  e x dv  cos x dx
 cos x dx
x
e
du  e x dx v  sin x
u v   v du
ue dv  sin x dx
x

e x sin x   sin x  e x dx du  e dx v   cos x

x

x

e sin x  e   cos x    cos x  e dx
x x

uv v du
e sin x  e cos x   e cos x dx
x x x This is the
expressio
n we
started
with! 
Example 4(cont.):
LIPET u  e x dv  cos x dx
 cos x dx
x
e
du  e x dx v  sin x
u v   v du
ue dv  sin x dx
x

e x sin x   sin x  e x dx du  e dx v   cos x

x

x

e sin x  e   cos x    cos x  e dx
x x

     cos x dx
x x x x
e cos x dx e sin x e cos x e

2  e x cos x dx  e x sin x  e x cos x This is called “solving for

the unknown integral.”

e x
sin x  e x
cos x It works when both factors
 e cos x dx  C
x
integrate and differentiate
2 forever.
Integration by Parts
for Definite Integrals
b b b

 udv  uv    vdu  u b v b   u a v a    vdu

b
Formula a
a a a

Integration by Parts Formula and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

imply the above Integration by Parts Formula for Definite Integrals. Here
we must assume that the functions u and v and their derivatives are
all continuous.

1
Example 2

 arcsin  x  dx
0
Choose u  arcsin  x . Then
dx
dv  dx, v  x and du  .
1 x 2

1 1
2 2
xdx
 arcsin  x  dx  x arcsin  x  0  
1
2

0 0 1 x 2
 Integration by Parts
for Definite Integrals
Example (cont’d) By the computations on the previous slide
we now have

arcsin  12 
1 1 1
2 2
xdx 2
xdx
 arcsin  x  dx  x arcsin  x  0  
1
 
2

0 0 1 x 2 2 0 1 x 2
1
2
xdx
Compute 
0 1 x 2
by the substitution t  1  x 2, dt  2 xdx.
3
1 3 4
1 3 2
xdx 4
dt    3   1  2  3
x  0  t  1 and x 
2
t 
4 
0 1 x 2
 1 2 t   t  2 2
1

Combining these results we get the answer

arcsin  12 
1
2
2 3  2 3
 arcsin  x  dx 
0
2

2

12

2
8.2 Trigonometric Integrals Powers of Sine and Cosine

 sin  cos
n n
u cos udu u sin udu
 sin
n m
u cos udu
1. If n is odd, leave one sin u factor and use
sin 2 u  1  cos 2 u for all other factors of sin.

2. If m is odd, leave one cos u factor and use

cos 2 u  1  sin 2 u for all other factors of cos.
3. If neither power is odd, use power reducing formulas:
1 1
sin u  (1  cos 2u ) or cos u  (1  cos 2u )
2 2

2 2
 Integral parsial dapat dilakukan lebih dari satu kali

  
 cos x  2 x cos xdx
2 2
x sin x dx x
Contoh
Jawab
Hitung
u  x2 du = 2xdx Integral parsia
(i) Misal
V=-cosx cos x  2( x sin x   sin x dx)
dv = sinxdx   x 2

(ii)Misal u = x du = dx
  x 2 cos x  2 x sin x  2 cos x  C
dv = cosx dx
v = sinx

MA1114 24
 Ada kemungkinan integran (f(x)) muncul lagi d
 cos xdx
x
e
Contoh Hitung Integral parsial
Jawab :     sin xdx
x x
e x
cos xdx e sin x e
 e x sin x  (e x cos x   e x cos xdx)  C
u  ex du  e dx
x

(i) Misal
 e x sin x  e x cos x   e x cos xdx)  C
dv=cosxdxv=sinx
ue x
du  e dxx
(ii) Misal Integral
dv = sinxdx v=-cosx
yang dicari
2 e cos xdx  e sin x  e cos x  C ,bawa
x x x

keruas kiri
   
x x x
e cos xdx 1
2 ( e sin x e cos x ) C
MA1114 25
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Example 5
• Calculate 1 tan 1 x dx
 0

– Let 1
u  tan x dv  dx
– Then, dx
du  vx
1  x2
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Example 5

1 1 1 x
0 tan x dx  x tan x  0  0 1  x 2 dx
1 1

1 x
 1  tan 1  0  tan 0  
1 1
dx
0 1 x 2

 1 x
  dx
4 0 1 x 2
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Example 5
• To evaluate this integral, we use
the substitution t = 1 + x2 (since u has another
meaning in this example).

– Then, dt = 2x dx.

– So, x dx = ½ dt.
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Example 5

1 x 2 dt
0 1  x 2
dx  1
2 1  t
 ln | t |1
1 2
2

 12 (ln 2  ln1)
 12 ln 2
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Example 5
• Therefore,

1  1 x
0 
1
tan x dx   dx
4 0 1 x 2

 ln 2
 
4 2
Soal latihan
Hitung
e

1.  ln x dx
1

2.  x ln xdx
 ln(1  x )dx
2
3.
 xdx
1
sin
4.
 tan xdx
1

5.
 x tan
1
xdx
6.
MA1114 31
Powers of sin and cos

 sin (2 )d

3

  ( )d
2 3
sin ( ) cos

  ( )d
2 2
sin ( ) cos
 Powers of sin and cos
           2 ) sin 2 d
3 2 2
sin (2 ) d sin 2 sin 2 d (1 cos

1 1
          2  C
2 3
(sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 ) d cos 2 cos
2 6

               ) cos  d
2 3 2 2 2 2
sin cos d sin cos cos d sin (1 sin

            cos  ) d
2 3 2 3
(sin sin ) cos d (sin cos sin

1 3 1 4
sin   sin   C
3 4
 Powers of sin and cos
1 1
 sin ( ) cos ( )d   2 (1  cos 2 ) 2 (1  cos 2 )d
2 2

1 1 1
 (1  cos 2 )d   (1  (1  cos 4 ) d
2

4 4 2
1 1 1 1
4  (1   cos 4 )d   (  cos 4 )d
2 4 2

1 1
  sin 4  C
8 16
Tangents and secants

  u sec u tan udu

n 2 n
tan u sec udu sec

 sec
n m
u tan udu

Create an integral that is shown above.

tan 2   sec 2   1 or tan 2   1  sec 2 

   
4 4
sec tan d
 8.3 Eliminating radicals by trig
substitution.
2 2
2
a u 2 2
a u 2
u a
Pythagorean identities:
2 2
cos   1  sin 
2 2
sec   1  tan 
tan 2   sec 2   1
2
a u 2 Let u = a sin θ

2 2 2 2 2 2
a  u  a  a sin   a 1  sin   a cos
Trig Substitutions
a2  u 2 a2  u 2 2
u a 2
 dx Let x = a sin θ = 3 sin θ
Ex: 
x2 9  x2 dx = 3 cos θ dθ
dx 3cos d 3cos d
 x2 9 x 2

2
9sin  9  9sin  2

9sin 2  3cos

1 d 1 1
   csc  d   cot   C
2
2
9 sin  9 9

3
x
2
 
1 9 x
C
9 x
9  x2
 dx
Ex:  2
4x  1
Let u=2x, a=1 so 2x = tan θ
dx = ½ sec2 θ dθ
dx 1 sec 2  d 1
  
4 x2  1 2 sec
  sec d
2
1
ln sec  tan   C
2

2
4x  1 2x 1 2
ln 4 x  1  2 x  C
 2
1
 dx 8.4 Partial Fractions
 x2  5x  6 1

A

B
2
x  5x  6 x  3 x  2
1 A( x  2) B( x  3)
2
 
x  5x  6 x3 x2
1  A( x  2)  B( x  3)
If x = 2: 1=-B so B = -1
If x =3: 1=A
dx  1 1 
 x 2  5 x  6   x  3 x  2 dx
 

x3
ln | x  3 |  ln | x  2 | C or ln C
x2
 Partial Fractions-Repeated linear factors
5 x 2  20 x  6 5 x 2  20 x  6
A B C
 3
x  2x  x2
dx 3 2
x  2x  x
  
x x  1  x  12

2 2
5 x  20 x  6  A( x  1)  Bx( x  1)  Cx
If x =0: 6= A
If x = -1: -9 = -C, so C = 9
If x = 1: 31=6(4)+2B+9, B = - 1
5 x 2  20 x  6 6 1 9 
 x3  2 x 2  x dx    x  x  1  ( x  1)2 dx
x6 9
1 ln  C
6ln | x |  ln | x  1| 9( x  1)  C x 1 x 1
 Quadratic Factors
3
2x  4x  8 2 x3  4 x  8 A B Cx  D
   2
 x( x  1)( x 2  4)dx 2
x( x  1)( x  4) x x  1 x  4

2 x3  4 x  8  A( x  1)( x 2  4)  Bx( x 2  4)  (Cx  D) x( x  1)

If x = 0 then A = 2
If x = 1 then B = -2
If x = -1 2 = -C +D
If x = 2 8 = 2C+D
Solving the system of equations you find
C = 2 and D = 4.
 2 x3  4 x  8 2 2 2x 4 
 x( x  1)( x 2  4)dx    x  x  1  x 2  4  x 2  4 dx

2 x
2ln | x | 2ln | x  1|  ln( x  4)  2arctan  C
2
Repeated quadratic Factors
3
8 x  13 x 8 x3  13 x Ax  B Cx  D
 ( x 2  2) 2
dx 2
( x  2) 2
 2
x 2

( x 2  2)2

8 x3  13 x  ( Ax  B)( x 2  2)  Cx  D
3 3 2
8 x  13 x  Ax  2 Ax  Bx  2 B  Cx  D
8 x3  0 x 2  13x  0  Ax3  Bx 2  2 Ax  Cx  D  2 B
For third degree: A=8 For second degree: B=0

For first degree: 13=2A+C

For constant: D+2B=0

Repeated quadratic Factors
8 x3  13 x A=8 B=0
 ( x2  2)2 dx
13=2A+C
D+2B=0
So, D=0 and C = -3
8 x3  13 x  8x 3 x 
 ( x 2  2)2 dx    x2  2  ( x 2  2)2 dx

8 x3  13 x 3
 ( x 2  2)2 dx  4ln( x
2
 2)  2
C
2( x  2)
8.8 Areas under curves with infinite domain or
range


ln x 1
 x 2
dx

1
dx
1 x
0
 Improper Integrals with infinite limits

Upper limit Lower limit Both limit

infinite infinite infinite
Infinite limits

 b
ln x ln x
 x 2
dx  limb  
x 2
1 1
 Evaluation b
ln x ln x
 x 2
dx  limb  
x 2
dx dx
u  ln x  du 
x
1 1
dx 1
dv  2  v  
x x
ln x ln x dx ln x 1
 x 2
dx  
x
  2  
x x

x
b b
ln x ln x 1 
limb   2 dx  limb    
1 x
x x 1
ln b 1
limb     (0  1)  0  0  0  1
b b
Use L’Hôpital’s rule
We say the improper integral CONVERGES to
The value of 1. (The area is finite.)
 When both limits are infinite
 0 
dx dx dx
 1  x2   1  x2   1  x2
  0
0 0
dx dx 0   
 1  x2  lima  1  x 2
 lim a  arctan x a
 0   
 2 2
 a
 b
dx dx b  
 1  x2  limb  1  x 2
 limb arctan x 0  0
2 2
0 0
 
 
2 2
Improper Integrals-integrand becomes infinite

upper lower interior

endpoint endpoint point
Integrals with Infinite discontinuities.

1 1
1 1
 x
dx  lim a 0  x
dx
0 a
1
 lim a 0 2 x a


 lim a 0 2  2 a  2 
The integral converges to 2.
Calculation with infinite discontinuity
3 1 3
dx dx dx
 2
 2
 2
0  x  1 3 0  x  1 3 1  x  1 3
1 b 1
dx dx
 2
 limb 1  2
 limb 1 3  x  1 3 b0
0  x  1 3 0  x  1 3
1
limb 1 3(b  1)   3  3 3

3 3 1 3
dx dx
 2
 limc 1  2
 limc 1 3  x  1 3
1  x  1 3 c  x  1 3
c

 1
1
limc 1 3(3  1)  3(c  1) 3   3 3 2
 3 

The total integral is 3  3 3 2

 Area is finite

t
1
1 x 2 dx

Integral converges to 1
 Area is infinite
t
1
1 xdx

Integral diverges
 
dx
 xp
Integrals

of the form 1 
dx  dx
a) 
x 2 b) 
dx c)  1
1 x 1 2
1 x
b b
dx  1 1
a ) limb   2  limb      limb   (1)  1
1 x  x 1 b
b
dx
b) limb    limb   ln x 1  limb  ln b  ln1  
b

1
x
b
b
dx  1 1
c) limb    limb   x2   limb  b2  (1)  
1  
1 2
x  1
 Convergence or divergence

dx
Integrals of the form  x p
1

Converge if p > 1 and diverge if p = 1 or p < 1.

Which of the following converge and which diverge?

   
dx dx 3dx 4dx
 2  3  x 
1 3 1 2 1 1 x5
x x
 Direct comparison test
If f and g are continuous functions with f(x)  g(x)
For all x  a. Then…..
 

 f ( x)dx Converges if  g ( x)dx Converges

a a
A function converges if its values are smaller
than another function known to converge.
 

 g ( x)dx Diverges if  f ( x)dx Diverges

a a

A function diverges if its values are larger than

another function known to diverge.
 Limit Comparison test for convergence
If f and g are positive and continuous on [a, )
And if f ( x)
lim x   L, 0 L
g ( x) 

Then the integrals  f ( x)dx and  g ( x )dx

a a
both converge or both diverge:

f ( x)
If  g ( x ) dx diverges and lim x  
a g ( x)
If 
then  f ( x)dx also diverges.
a