INTEGRATED SCIENCE

PRESENTATION (GROUP 3)
GROUP MEMEBERS : RIANNA SINGH
GLENNESHA EDWARDS
SAIF SUKHA
CAMILE SINGH
ANNEEZA KHAN
 TOPIC: TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
Contents
• The role of antigens and antibodies in the natural and artificial control
of diseases.
• Precaution during blood transfusion.
• RH factor in pregnancy.
• Types of blood cells and their function.
THE ROLE OF ANTIGENS AND ANITIBODIES IN
THE NATURAL AND ARTIFICAL CONTROL OF
DISEASES
What are antibodies and antigens?

 Antibodies are proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body.
Produced by your immune system, antibodies bind to these unwanted substances in order to
eliminate them from your system.

 An antigen is a foreign substance that enters your body. This can include bacteria, viruses,
fungi, allergens, venom and other various toxins.
How antibodies fight against Antigen naturally

 The molecules on the surfaces of antigens differ from those found naturally in your body.
So, when an antigen enters your body, your immune system recognizes it right away. In
order to attack this antigen invader, your immune system calls out for antibody protection.

How antibodies fight antigen Artificially

 Monoclonal antibodies are created in a lab. They mimic your immune system’s natural
ability to fight off pathogens. Using monoclonal antibodies to fight infections is a type
of immunotherapy.
PRECAUTION DURING BLOOD TRANSFUSION

• What is blood transfusion?

 A procedure in which whole blood or parts of blood are put into a patient’s bloodstream
through a vein. The blood may donated by another person or it may have been take from
patient and stored until needed . Also called transfusion.

 Some precaution the doctor or nurse will take during this process are:
 Check your blood pressure, pulse and temperature.
 Make sure the donor blood type is match for your blood type.
 PRECAUTIONS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION
 Make sure that the supplied blood is the product ordered by your doctor and is labeled with
your name.

The donor is asked to complete a questionnaire detailing any history of infections disease
and other medical issues before they are allowed to donate blood for transfusion.
 The donor hemoglobin level is checked.
 Once collected, the blood is examined and screened for possible infections agents such as
HIV and hepatitis.
 RH FACTOR IN PREGNANCY
RH factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells.
If your blood has the protein, you're Rh positive. If your blood doesn't
have the protein, you're Rh negative. The "+" or "–" you might see after
your blood type refers to Rh positive or Rh negative.
The RH factor is one used to indicate whether the blood of two different
people is compatible when mixed – such as blood of a mother and her
baby at birth. It is routine and important that the Rh factor for a mother
and unborn child be determined during pregnancy.
 TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS AND THEIR
FUNCATIONS
• FUNCTIONS OF EACH BLOOD CELL:
• Red-
• Carry oxygen towards the tissues from the lungs. It does this by binding oxygen to
hemoglobin.
• Carry Carbon dioxide away from the tissues and towards the lungs.

• White-
1. Kills bacteria through the process of phagocytosis.

2. They also release a burst of superoxide that have the ability to kill many bacteria at the
same time.

• Platelets-
Functions

1. Platelets are the parts of cells that the body uses for clotting.

2. Helps to promote other blood clotting mechanisms. Example: Secrete procoagulants (clotting
factors) to promote blood clotting.

3. They secrete vasoconstrictors which constrict blood vessels, causing vascular spasms in
broken blood vessels.

4. They secrete chemicals that attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation.

5. Dissolve blood clots when they are no longer needed.

6. Digest and destroy bacteria.

7. They secrete growth.

END OF PRESENTATION