PBH 101

Lab Class

Instructor:
Zeeba Zahra Sultana
MBBS (IMC), MPH (NSU), MPhil (Cantab, UK)
Lecturer
Department of Public Health
North South University
 Blood
Grouping
Techniques
 Content

• What is blood?

• What are the functions of blood?

• What is ABO system?

• What is RH system?

• How to test blood groups?

• What is antigen and antibody?

• What is the application of blood grouping in public health?

 What is Blood?

Liquid connective tissue that performs a variety of functions in our body.

• Plasma - liquid portion of blood

• Cells/Formed Elements
• Red blood cell - Red blood cells
represent 40%-45% of blood
volume
• White blood cell - account for
about 1% of blood
• Platelets - are the smallest of our
blood cells
 Function of Blood

• It transports O2, CO2, nutrients to the cell as well as metabolic waste products away from
those same cells.

• Regulates the pH, temperature and water balance as well as maintains the static internal
environment inside the body is called “Homeostasis”

• White blood cells are essential for good health and protection against illness and disease
by protecting against pathogens (bacteria, virus)

• Platelets helps in blood coagulation to control bleeding (also known as “Hemostasis”).

Blood Composition
Protective Function of Blood
Protective Function of Blood
 Antigen and Antibody

Antigen (Ag) are mostly protein in nature and are present commonly on the

surface of the cell and stimulate the production of antibody

Antibody (Ab) are protein in nature produced in response to an antigen and

are commonly found in the plasma.

ANTIGEN and ANTIBODY are very specific for each other

 Protective Function of Blood

▪ WBC recognizes foreign pathogen, by virtue of antigen

▪ This starts to produce antibody, which is very specific for the antigen, that

stimulated its production

▪ Antibody binds to the antigen – leading to destruction of cell carrying that

antigen (bacteria) by immune components

 Types of Antigen

▪ Can be of two types, based on what type of cell they are found on.

▪ Foreign (also called non-self) antigens are found on pathogens (bacteria,

virus) and they elicit production of antibody

▪ Self antigens are found on our own cells and under healthy condition, they

NEVER elicit production of antibody

▪ The ability of the immune system to differentiate between self and non-self

antigen is called self/non-self discrimination.

Types of Antigen
 Blood Grouping System

Self-antigens are the basis of blood groups

ABO System
 Blood Grouping System

Self-antigens are the basis of blood groups

RH System
Blood Grouping System
Blood Grouping System
Blood Grouping Technique

Clumping → Antigen – Antibody reaction

Corresponding antigen is present

No reaction
Corresponding antigen is NOT present
 Blood Grouping Technique

A+ A- B+ B- AB + AB - O+ O-

Anti A
Antibody

Anti B
Antibody

Anti D
Antibody
 Public Health Application of Blood Grouping

▪ Blood grouping is of paramount importance in public health applications due to its crucial role in safe blood

transfusions, ensuring compatibility between donors and recipients, and preventing adverse

reactions.

▪ If blood group are not matched it can lead to mismatched blood transfusion reaction (nausea, fever, chills,

chest and lower back pain, and dark urine and kidney damage)

▪ Universal donor and recipient type - without triggering immune responses or adverse reactions.

Largely theoretical

O – (negative) are called Universal Cell (RBC) donor whereas AB + (positive) are called Universal Plasma Donor

AB blood types are called Universal Recipient

 Public Health Application of Blood Grouping
Rh Incompatibility Treatment
Provide an injection to
mother within 72 hours
of delivery that will
destroy the Rh antigen
coming from the fetus,
thus prevent formation
of Anti Rh Antibody and
save the consequent
pregnancy with Rh+
fetus
THANK YOU