Blood Grouping LAB CLASS 3

Techniques
INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH 101 LAB
SPRING 2020

Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1

Content
• What is blood?

• What are the functions of blood?

• What is ABO system?

• What is RH system?

• How to test blood groups?

• What is Antigen and Antibody?

• Application in Public Health.

Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1
Blood Functions
• Transports (O2, CO2, Nutrients,
Liquid connective tissue that
waste products)
performs a variety of functions
in our body • Regulates (pH, temperature, water
balance)
Composition
maintenance of static internal
• Liquid (Plasma) environment inside the body is
called “Homeostasis”
• Formed elements (Cells)
• Protects from pathogens (bacteria,
• RBC – Red Blood Corpuscles
virus)
• WBC – White Blood Cells
• Blood coagulation (also known as
• Platelets
“Hemostasis”)

Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1

Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1
WBC as a protector
White Blood cells recognizes foreign pathogen, by virtue of Antigen

White blood cells starts to produce Antibody, which is very specific for the

Antigen, that stimulated its production

Antibody binds to the Antigen – leading to destruction of cell carrying that

Antigen (Bacteria) by immune components

Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1

Blood as a protector
White Blood Cells (WBC) carry out the specific function

Antigen

Y
(Ag)
Y
Y
Y Y Y
Y Antibody
(Ab)
Y

Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1

Antigen and Antibody
Antigen (Ag) are mostly protein in nature and are present commonly on

the surface of the cell and stimulate the production of Antibody

Antibody (Ab) are protein in nature produced in response to an Antigen

and are commonly found in the plasma. Ag

Ag

Antigen and Antibody are very specific for each other

Ab
Ab
Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1
Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1
More about Antigen
Can be of two types, based on what type of cell they are found on.

Foreign antigens are found on pathogens (Bacteria, Virus) and they elicit

production of Antibody

Self antigens are found on our own cells and under healthy condition,

they NEVER elicit production of Antibody

Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1

 Self Antigens are the basis of Blood Groups
A Blood Groups

B Blood Groups

B
Rh SYSTEM
AB Blood Groups A
O Blood Groups

RBC D
Positive Blood Groups
Negative Blood Groups

ABO SYSTEM
Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1
 Antigen  A – Antigen B – Antigen D – Antigen
Blood groups ↓

A+

A-

B+

B-

AB +

AB -

O+

O-
Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1
 Antibody  A – Antibody B – Antibody D – Antibody
Blood groups ↓

A+

A-

B+

B-

AB +

AB -

O+

O-
Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1
Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1
 Clumping  Antigen – Antibody reaction
Corresponding antigen is present

No reaction
Corresponding antigen is NOT present

Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1

 A+ A- B+ B - AB + AB - O + O-
Anti A
Antibody

Anti B
Antibody

Anti D
Antibody

Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1

Public Health Application
Facilitates donating and receiving blood

If blood group are not matched it can lead to mismatched blood transfusion reaction (nausea,
fever, chills, chest and lower back pain, and dark urine and kidney damage)

Universal Donor type and Universal Recipient type

Largely theoretical

O – are called Universal Cell (RBC) donor whereas AB + are called Universal Plasma Donor

AB blood types are called Universal Recipient

Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1
Public Health Application
Rh Incompatibility
Treatment
Provide an injection
to mother within 72
hours of delivery that
will destroy the Rh
antigen coming from,
thus prevent
formation of Anti Rh
Antibody and save
the consequent
pregnancy with Rh+
fetus

Dr. S Mahmud Mishu/ SMM1