Numerical Investigation on fluid flow and Solidification

behaviour of water droplet impacting on cold surface

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Institute of Technical Education and Research

PRESENTED BY GUIDED BY
ADARSH DASH Prof. Virendra Patel
 Outline
o Introduction

o Literature review

o Research Gap

o Objective

o Modelling

o Governing Equations

o Methodology

o Numerical Simulation

o Liquid Fraction Distribution of Droplet

 Introduction

In nature, water freezing on cold surfaces is found everywhere and poses hazards to
many applications, such as wind turbines, aircraft, and power transmission lines
In Wind Turbines In Aircraft Icing
During icing events, ice accumulates on the
The protection of aircraft from the adverse
rotor blades, thus reducing the aerodynamic
effects of ice accretion has been a crucial
efficiency and torque, leading to power
design problem since the very early years of
losses. When the icing event is more severe,
flight. Ice accretion from super cooled
torque drops to zero, the turbine stops and a
water droplet clouds represents only one
complete loss of production occurs.
form of a number of natural hazards to the
aircraft.
 Literature Review

Name of Name of the Title Conclusion

the Journal
Author
Zheyan Jin International Experimental Increase of the initial height resulted
Journal of Heat investigation of the in decrease of the freezing time of
and Mass impact and the water droplet, not affecting the
Transfer freezing processes ice surface temperature
(2017) of a water droplet
on an ice surface

S.Homma International Numerical Presented a front tracking method

Journal of investigation of for simulation of the drop
Multiphase flow drop solidification solidification on a cold plate, in
(2015) on a cold plate in which there is the presence of
the presence of volume because due to density
volume change difference between solid and liquid
phases
 Continued…
Name of Name of the Title Conclusion
the Journal
Author

Li Wang Experimental Effect of contact  The freezing process of the

Thermal and Fluid angle on water water droplet on the large contact
Science droplet freezing angle surface begins due to
(2012) process on a cold smaller contact area between the
surface droplet and the cold surface.
 The frost crystal growth velocity
slightly increases with the contact
angle of the hydrophobic surface.

Daniel Tam Journal of Fluid Marangoni  A physical model has been

Mechanics convection in droplet proposed.
(2001) on super  Standard dimensional analysis
hydrophobic surface would predict four relevant
dimensional group, Re, Pe, Bi and
Marangoni number.
 Continued…
Name of Name of the Title Conclusion
the Journal
Author

Ali Applied Super cooled water  The effect of stagnation air flow on an
Dolatabadi sciences droplet impacting impacting super cooled water drop at
(2017) super hydrophobic various air velocities and temperature
surfaces in the were experimentally evaluated.
presence of cold air  The current study highlights the net
flow effect of air flow on an impacting super
cooled water drop at various air
velocities and temperatures.

Gaurav Experimental Freezing of water  The freezing of water droplets on

Chaudhary Thermal and droplets on solid hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface
Fluid Science surface under rapid cooling was experimentally
(2014) studied.
 Numerical modelling was carried to
investigate the heat transfer during
freezing period.
 Research Gap

 Detailed dynamic motions of a water droplet impacting on an ice surface

has not yet been numerically investigated.

 Detailed numerical investigation on fluid flow within and around the

droplet due to marangoni convection during solidification is still lacking in

the literature.

 Numerical investigation of effect of dynamic contact angle on spreading

of water droplet is still lacking in the literature.

 Objective
Even though there is extensive research about freezing water, the freezing of a
single water droplet is still less explored. Due to the increased usage of wind-
power in cold climate, for instance, the need for a better understanding of how
the freezing process work is of great importance. One way of achieving this is to
create a computational model, which can be beneficial since an experimental
arrangement sometimes can get very expensive and complicated.

The main focus is to study how the freezing front evolution depends on the
internal temperature and velocity field.
• Firstly, a study of the influence of the bottom surface temperature on the
freezing water droplet.
• Secondly, the case where buoyancy is added to the model is compared to the
case when there is no buoyancy.
• Thirdly, a study of the influence of surface tension on flow field during
solidification of droplet.
• Fourth, a study of the influence of dynamic contact angle on flow field and
solidification of droplet.
 Modelling
Assumptions
 The droplet is assumed to be initially spherical.
 The variation of material properties such as density and viscosity are assumed to be
independent of the temperature.
 The thermal and fluid properties of the droplet material in solid and liquid states are
different.
 A constant value of thermal contact resistance is used for the entire simulation.

Free surface modelling

VOF model is used for tracking droplet-air interface

Fluid flow, heat transport and solidification

The conservation equation are employed for entire domain using one-domain
continuum formulation.
 Governing Equations
Free surface modelling:
0<F<1 represents air- water droplet interface
F  F=0 indicates that the cell contains only air
   uF   F   u  0 F=1 corresponds to a cell full of water
t

Continuity equation

 ( u )  0

Momentum conservation:

t
 
  
  
(  u )    (  u u )   p     (u  u T )   g  Fvol  Su

  (1  f l ) 2   Sink term to account for damping of

  C u F 1
Su    f l
3
 flow during solidification

 0 F 1

Fvol = continuum surface tension force

 Continued…
Energy conservation:
 
(  ceff T )    (  u ceff T )    (k eff T )  S h
t

   
  L  (  f l )  .(  u f l )  F 1
Sh   t  Coupling relation of solidification with fluid

 0 F 1 flow and VOF

Enthalpy Update

ap
H P n1  H P n  0
 hp n  cd Tm 
a p

H
f 
l L
Algorithm Methodology
 Numerical Simulation

Water droplet
Atmospheric air

Substrate surface

Schematic of droplet impact on a substrate

2D axis symmetric model has been considered for the present
study.
Radial and axial coordinates(r, z) are used in the computation.
In this study radial and axial coordinate are consider as x and y.
Liquid fraction Distribution of Droplet

t=4.8 ms

t=6.4 ms

t=0.0 ms
t=10.4 ms

t=12.0 ms
t=0.8 ms

t=1.6 ms t=25.6 ms

t=3.2 ms t=34.2 ms
Thank You