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BALNEUM AT BREXIZA

Sofia Peppa
THE SANCTUARY
LOCATION & OF EGYPTIAN GODS

HISTORY
• Little Marsch (Mikro
Elos) Of Brexiza
• Located in the NE of
Attica in Marathon.
• Built in 160 BEC by
Herodes Atticus

BALNEUM
GEOLOGICAL DATA
Limestone-marble karst area.

Sand, silt, clay mainly.

The archaeological site is positioned


entirely on the coastal sandy barrier.

1.25 meters of sand added to establish


watertight and stable conditions.
DESCRIPTION

• 18 rooms.
• 3 distinct sections.
• Symmetry of bath facilities
around oval Core Room I.
MATERIALS &
CONSTRUCTION
• Heating system with hypocausts.

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MATERIALS &
CONSTRUCTION
• Heating system with hypocausts.
• Opus mixtum walls.

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MATERIALS &
CONSTRUCTION
• Heating system with hypocausts.
• Opus mixtum walls.
• Hollow walls in heated rooms to
preserve temperature and avoid
moisture with special ceramic tiles
(tegulae mammatae).
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MATERIALS &
CONSTRUCTION
• Heating system with hypocausts.
• Opus mixtum walls.
• Hollow walls in heated rooms to
preserve temperature and avoid
moisture with special ceramic tiles
(tegulae mammatae).
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• Roofs are not preserved but might


have been arches, rib vaults, or
crossed domes.
• Tubi fittili for the roofing were
found.
MATERIALS &
CONSTRUCTION
• Heating system with hypocausts.
• Opus mixtum walls.
• Hollow walls in heated rooms to
preserve temperature and avoid
moisture with special ceramic tiles
(tegulae mammatae).
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• Roofs are not preserved but might


have been arches, rib vaults, or
crossed domes.
• Tubi fittili for the roofing were
found.
• Load path is central nucleum
system.
PRESERVATION
STATUS
• Exposed to
environmental
conditions since the
1974

• Continuous
submergence in swamp
waters of the
hypocausts

• Praefurnia a and b
flooded.
P R E S E RVAT I O N S TAT U S

• SEMI-COLLAPSED • C OL L APSE D FL OORS,


DE TAC HE D C OAT I NGS AND
BRICK ARCHES.
MARB L E RE VE RT ME NT S.

• CRACKS DUE TO • E FFL OR E SC E NC E .


SOIL SETTLEMENT.
• B I ODE T E R IORAT I ON WITH
VI SI BL E DI SC OL OUR AT I ONS
• ABSENCE OF
DIAFRAGMATIC • R OOT SYST E MS
ACTION.
C L I M AT E C H A N G E
EFFECTS
RCP 8.5:
• 5°C and specific humidity rise.
• Hot Days, Tropical Nights DOUBLE.

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THERMAL STRESS

SOIL EROSION

FIRE RISK

ACCELERATED DETERIORATION
SEA LEVEL RISE
MIN RISE 0,32m RCP 2.6

MAX RISE 0.62m RCP 8.5

FLOODING AND SUBMERGENCE


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COAST EROSION

SALT DAMAGE
BALNEUM AT BREXIZA
Thank you!

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