Introduction to

Programming
• Basic Programming
WHAT IS A
COMPUTER?
 anelectronic device that performs a variety of task
according to specific instructions.
a data processing machine that accepts input information,
processes it according to a list of internally stored
instructions called a program, and produces the resultant
output information
 Program
 a set of instructions telling a computer what to do
 Programming
 the craft of implementing one or more interrelated abstract
algorithms using a particular programming language to
produce a concrete computer program
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
 Hardware
 the physical equipment of a computer system,
including the monitor, keyboard, central processing
unit, and storage devices

 Software
 refers to one or more computer programs and data
held in the storage of a computer for some purpose
HARDWARE CONCEPTS
 Data representation
 conversion of images, letters and sounds into
electrical signals

 Digital electronics
 manipulation of “on” and “off” signals to perform
complex tasks
HARDWARE CONCEPTS
 Digital device
 works with discrete signals, such as 0 and 1

 Analog device
 works with continuous data
 SOFTWARE CONCEPTS
What is a software?
 computer instructions or data
 anything that can be stored electronically
 computer programs, modules (support and data) working together
providing computers with instructions and data for certain task (e.g.
word processing, internet browsing)
SOFTWARE BASICS
Data vs. Software
 Before, the term “software” is always associated to
all non-hardware components of a computer.
 However, modern definitions made it clear that all
documents, spreadsheets and even downloaded
materials from the net are now classified as data.
SOFTWARE BASICS
 Source code
 Code written by the programmer
 Object code
 machine language representation of the source code
 Linker
 creates the executable code
 combines program object code, object code from library
routines and any other required system code into one
addressable machine language file
SOFTWARE BASICS
Application Software vs. System Software

 Application software
 are computer programs that are used to accomplish specific or
specialized tasks for computer users

 System software
 helps the computer carry out its basic operating functions.
SOFTWARE BASICS
Computer User

computer user instructs

the application program
to print a document

Application
Software
(Microsoft Word)

application software
makes a request to the
system software to print
the document

System Software
(Operating System,
Device Drivers)

system software controls

the printer as the
document is printed

Hardware
(Computer, Printer)
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
LIFE CYCLE
 Software Development Life Cycle
 a methodology that is typically used to develop, maintain, and
replace information systems for improving the quality of the
software design and development process
 Importance of SDLC
 In order to create systems that are good in design
 It serves as a guide in systems development
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
LIFE CYCLE
Five phases of SDLC

 Planning
 Analysis
 Design
 Implementation
 Maintenance