ALDEHYDES AND By: Ali Chahine

KETONES
 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Aldehydes and Ketones are organic compounds of a general formula CnH 2nO.
In the Case of aldehydes n≥1 in case of Ketone n≥3

General form O
this group is called a carbonyl group O

C C
R H R R'

Therefore aldehydes and ketones are considered as Carbonyl compounds

IUPAC NAMING
All aldehydes are named according to the following general name :
“Alkanal”
For ex. If n=3 and the compound is an aldehyde so the compound will have a:
Molecular formula of : C3H6O
H2
C O
Condensed Structural Formula : H3C C

Name: Propanal H
IUPAC NAMING
Ketones are a little different than aldehydes, and this difference is due to the ability
of displacing the carbonyl group inside the carbon chain.

In other words aldehydes have only functional isomers which are ketones,
While, Ketones can have also positional isomers .
 IUPAC NAMING
Ketones are named after their General name which is Alkanone.
For ex. If n=5 and the compound is a ketone so the compound will have :
A molecular formula of : C5H10O
Condensed structural formulas :
O O

H2
C H3C CH3
H3C C CH3 C C
H2 H2 H2

2-Propanone 3-Propanone
REACTIONS OF CARBONYL
COMPOUNDS
Aldehyde or Ketone + NaHSO3 White precipitate

Aldehyde or Ketone + D.N.P.H yellow orange precipitate

When these results appear we can know that the compound studied is a carbonyl
compound
 REACTIONS OF CARBONYL
COMPOUNDS
Hydrogenation :
O

C + H2 Ni RCH2OH Primary alcohol

R H

+ H2 Ni RCH(OH)CH3 Secondary alcohol

REACTIONS OF CARBONYL
COMPOUNDS
Mild oxidation :
O O

C
R H
+ ½ O2 Cu,Pt Carboxylic Acid
R OH

+ ½ O2 Cu,Pt NO REACTION
 REACTIONS OF CARBONYL
COMPOUNDS
Oxidation in the presence of an oxidant :
O O

C
R H
+ Cr2O72- R OH + Cr 3+

+ Cr2O72 no reaction
 TESTS
To test if there is a carbonyl group

Tests Aldehyde Ketone

NaHSO3 white precipitate

2,4- D.N.P.H yellow orange precipitate

Hydrogenation Alcohol
 TESTS
To determine if the compound is an Aldehyde or Ketone
Test Aldehyde Ketone
with Cr2O72- +ve -ve
Hydrogenation Primary Alcohol Secondary Alcohol
Tollen’s Test Silver mirror no result
Schiff’s Test Pink color no result
Fehling’s Test Brick Red precipitate no result
 THANK YOU FOR YOU
ATTENTION