Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Salmonella
• Salmonella is Gram-negative,
rod-shaped
• Facultative anaerobe in family
Enterobacteriaceae
• Motile, Non lactose fermenting
• Over 2400 serotypes
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Faeco-oral transmission
Refrigeration does not kill bacteria, Heat at
600C destroys
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Clinical Syndromes of Salmonella
Salmonellosis = Generic term for disease
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Enteritis( Food Poisoning)
Most common form of salmonellosis with
foodborne outbreaks and sporadic disease
High infectious dose (108 CFU)
Poultry, eggs, etc. are sources of infection
6-48h incubation period
Nausea, vomiting, nonbloody diarrhea, fever,
cramps, myalgia and headache common
Many species of salmonella can cause this (eg. S.
typhimurium) except S. typhi
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Pathogenesis
Bacteria penetrates intestinal cell in
ileocaecal region
Inflammatory response to bacterial
multiplication in the cell
Prostaglandins secreted
Increase in C-AMP
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Clinical Syndromes- Enteric fever
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Virtually non existent in developed world
In developing countries endemic
Typhoid more common than paratyphoid
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Pathogenesis of Enteric fever
Phagocytosis
Transported (R E system), continue to replicate
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Pathogenesis contd…
Second week: re-enter bloodstream (secondary
bacteremia) endotoxemia
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Complications: Intestinal haemorrhage,
perforation, cholecystitis
Less commonly: Bronchopneumonia,
arthritis, osteomyelitis
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Epidemiology & Clinical Syndromes
Asymptomatic Carriage
Chronic carriage in 1-5% of cases following S.
typhi or S. paratyphi infection (Temporary
carrier>12 months shedding)
Gall bladder usually the reservoir
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Early 1900- Mary Mallon
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Virulence factor
•Encapsulation , antigenic mimicry, masking
•Evasion or incapacitation of phagocytosis
• Mechanisms enabling an invading
microorganism to resist being ingested and lysed
by lysosomes
intracellular survival and multiplication
•Endotoxin
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Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever
Clinical:
For Lab diagnosis, specimen & diagnostic tests
according to duration of fever:
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Blood Culture
In blood culture bottle
Repeated cultures may be required
Subculture on MacConkey medium (NLF colony)
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Selective media for subculture from blood
culture bottle: MacConkey, Wilson Blair,
Tellurite blood agar
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Serological test- WIDAL
For detecting antibody
Agglutination test
1. Endemic titre
2. Paired sera
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Treatment, prevention & control of
salmonella infections
Enteritis:
Antibiotics not recommended for enteritis
because prolong duration
Control by proper preparation of poultry & eggs
Enteric fever:
Antibiotics- Chloramphenicol, cipriflox,
Ceftriaxone
Identify & treat carriers of S. typhi & S. paratyphi
Vaccination can reduce risk of disease for
travellers in endemic areas
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Salmonella vaccines
TAB: Salmonella typhi, paratyphi A &B, killed whole
cell
Oral Ty21-A: Live attenuated, Salmonella typhi
vaccine
Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine
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Summary- Enteric fever
S. typhi / S. paratyphi
Mode of spread /Pathogenesis
Clinical features / Complications
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment/vaccines
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