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Engineering Thermodynamics

Gas Power Cycles

Thermodynamics for mechanical engineers 2023.11.14. 1

 Objectives
• Evaluate the performance of gas power cycles for which the working fluid
remains a gas throughout the entire cycle.
• Develop simplifying assumptions applicable to gas power cycles.
• Review the operation of reciprocating engines.
• Analyze both closed and open gas power cycles.
• Solve problems based on the Otto, and Diesel cycles.
• Solve problems based on the Brayton cycle.

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

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 Internal and External Combustion Engines

Internal Combustion External Combustion

• Lenior Cycle • Sterling Cycle
• Joule-Brayton Cycle • Ericsson Cycle
• Otto Cycle
• Atkinson Cycle
• Miller Cycle
• Diesel Cycle

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 Most Common Types
• Most gas turbines are also internal • Spark-ignition
combustion engines, the name is – a mixture of fuel and air is ignited
usually applied to reciprocating by a spark plug
internal combustion engines of the
type commonly used in • Compression-ignition
automobiles, trucks, and buses. – air is compressed to a high enough
pressure and temperature that
combustion occurs spontaneously
when fuel is injected.

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 Four-Stroke Engine

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 Engine Therminology

A parameter used to describe the

performance of reciprocating
piston engines is the mean
effective pressure, or MEP. The
mean effective pressure is the
theoretical constant pressure
that, if it acted on the piston
during the power stroke, would
produce the same net work as
actually developed in one cycle.

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 Air-Standard Analysis
(1) The working fluid is a fixed amount of air, which continuously circulates
in a closed loop and always behaves as an ideal gas.
(2) The combustion process is replaced by a heat transfer from an external
source.
(3) There are no exhaust and intake processes as in an actual engine. The
cycle is completed by a constant volume heat transfer process taking place
while the piston is at the bottom dead center position.
(4) All processes are internally reversible. In addition, in a cold air-standard
analysis, the specific heats are assumed constant at their ambient
temperature values.

With an air-standard analysis, we avoid dealing with the complexities of the

combustion process and the change of composition during combustion.

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AIR-STANDARD OTTO CYCLE

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Thermodynamics for mechanical engineers 2023.11.14. 10
 Otto Cycle

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 Processes and Diagrams

12 isentropic compression

23 constant-volume heat addition
34 isentropic expansion
41 constant-volume heat rejection

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 Mean Effective Pressure
The net work output of a cycle is
equivalent to the product of the mean
effective pressure and the displacement
volume.

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 Cycle Analysis
Closed system  fixed mass
Kinetic and potential energies  negligible

Isentropic compression:
Isentropic expansion:
Heat addition (V=const.):
Heat rejection (V=const.):

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 Cycle Analysis
Net work:

Thermal efficiency:

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 Cycle Analysis

Thermal efficiency of the ideal Otto

cycle as a function of compression
ratio (κ = 1.4).

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 EXAMPLE
An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the compression
process, air is at 100 kPa and 17 °C, and 800 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air during the
constant-volume heat-addition process. Accounting for the variation of specific heats of air
with temperature, determine
a) the maximum temperature and pressure that occur during the cycle,
b) the net work output,
c) the thermal efficiency, and
d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle.
e) Also, determine the power output from the cycle, in kW, for an engine speed of 4000
rpm (rev/min). Assume that this cycle is operated on an engine that has four cylinders
with a total displacement volume of 1.6 L.

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AIR-STANDARD DIESEL CYCLE

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 Otto vs Diesel
• Spark ignition
• Compression ignition

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Thermodynamics for mechanical engineers 2023.11.14. 20
 Processes and Diagrams

12 isentropic compression

23 constant-pressure heat addition
34 isentropic expansion
41 constant-volume heat rejection

Thermodynamics for mechanical engineers 2023.11.14. 21

 Cycle Analysis
Closed system  fixed mass
Kinetic and potential energies  negligible

Isentropic compression:
Isentropic expansion:
Heat addition (isobar):
Heat rejection (isochor):

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 Cycle Analysis
Net work:

Thermal efficiency:

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 Cycle Analysis – Cutoff Ratio

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 Dual Cycle
• Heat addition in two stages:
– isochor
– isobar

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 EXAMPLE
At the beginning of the compression process of an air-standard Diesel
cycle operating with a compression ratio of 18, the temperature is 300
K and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. The cutoff ratio for the cycle is 2.
Determine
a) the temperature and pressure at the end of each process of the
cycle,
b) the thermal efficiency,
c) the mean effective pressure, in MPa.

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At the beginning of the compression process of an air-standard dual
cycle with a compression ratio of 18, the temperature is 300 K and
the pressure is 0.1 MPa. The pressure ratio for the constant volume
part of the heating process is 1.5:1. The volume ratio for the constant
pressure part of the heating process is 1.2:1.
Determine
a) the thermal efficiency and
b) the mean effective pressure, in MPa.

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JOULE-BRAYTON CYCLE

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 How a Gas Turbine Works

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 Gas Turbine

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 Air-Standard Gas Turbine Cycle

= Air-Standard Joule-Brayton Cycle

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 Processes and Diagrams
12 isentropic compression
23 constant-pressure heat addition
34 isentropic expansion
41 constant-pressure heat rejection

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 Cycle Analysis
Compression:
Expansion:
Heat addition:
Heat rejection:

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 Cycle Analysis

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 Pressure Ratio

For fixed values of Tmin and Tmax, the net

work of the Brayton cycle first increases
with the pressure ratio, then reaches a
maximum at

and finally decreases.

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 Actual Joule-Brayton Cycle

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 Isentropic Efficiency

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 EXAMPLE
A gas-turbine power plant operating on an ideal Brayton cycle has a
pressure ratio of 8. The gas temperature is 300 K at the compressor
inlet and 1300 K at the turbine inlet. Utilizing the air-standard
assumptions, determine
a) The gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the turbine,
b) the back work ratio, and
c) the thermal efficiency.

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 EXAMPLE
Assuming a compressor efficiency of 80 percent and a turbine
efficiency of 85 percent, determine
a) the back work ratio,
b) the thermal efficiency, and
c) the turbine exit temperature of the gas-turbine cycle.

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