Corporate Culture

Irfanul Kamal
A model of culture

Explicit
Culture

Implicit
Culture
 DEFINISI BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN

“A system of informal rules that spell out how

people are to behave most of the time”. (Deal &
Kennedy, 1988).

“As the set of shared values that control

organizational member’s interactions with
each other and with suppliers, customer, and
other people outside the organization”. (Jones,
1995).
 DUA DIMENSI DASAR BUDAYA
- PERVASIVENESS OF CULTURE :
Daya serap dari budaya
- STRENGTH OF CONSENSUS AMONGST
MEMBERS :
Kuatnya konsensus antar anggota organisasi

Strong
Strength of consensus
amongst members

Weak

Narrow Pervasiveness Wide

of culture
The Classical Cross-Cultural The Classical Cross-Cultural
Value Study:
The Five Hofstede Cultural Dimensions
The The Hofstede Cultural
Dimensions
Hofstede Country Rank
 Rank Order On :
No Country Power Individualism/ Masculinity/ Uncertainty
Distance Collectivism Feminity Avoidance
1 Arab Countries 7 26/27 23 27
2 Argentina 35/36 22/23 20/21 10/15
3 Australia 41 2 16 37
4 Austria 53 18 2 24/25
5 Belgium 20 8 22 5/6
6 Brazil 14 26/27 27 21/22
7 Canada 39 4/5 24 41/42
8 Chile 24/25 38 46 10/15
9 Colombia 17 49 11/12 20
10 Costa Rica 42/44 46 48/49 10/15
11 Denmark 51 9 50 51
12 East Africa 21/23 33/35 39 36
13 Ecuador 8/9 52 13/14 28
14 Finland 46 17 47 31/32
15 France 15/16 10/11 35/36 10/15
16 Germany F.R. 42/44 15 9/10 29
17 Great Britain 42/44 3 9/10 47/48
18 Greece 27/28 30 18/19 1
19 Guatemala 2/3 53 43 3
20 Hong Kong 15/16 37 18/19 49/50
21 India 10/11 21 20/21 45

22 Indonesia 8/9 47/48 30/31 41/42

 Rank Order On :
No Country Power Individualism/ Masculinity/ Uncertainty
Distance Collectivism Feminity Avoidance
23 Iran 29/30 24 35/36 31/32
24 Ireland (Rep.) 49 12 7/8 47/48
25 Israel 52 19 29 19
26 Italy 34 7 4/5 25
27 Jamaica 37 25 7/8 52
28 Japan 33 22/23 1 7
29 Malaysia 1 36 25/26 46
30 Mexico 5/6 32 6 18
31 Netherlands 40 4/5 51 35
32 New Zealand 50 6 17 39/40
33 Norway 47/48 13 52 38
34 Pakistan 32 47/48 25/26 24/25
35 Panama 2/3 51 34 10/15
36 Peru 21/23 45 37/38 9
37 Philippines 4 31 11/12 44
38 Portugal 24/25 33/35 45 2
39 Salvador 18/19 42 40 5/6
40 Singapore 13 39/41 28 53
41 South Africa 35/36 16 13/14 39/40
42 South Korea 27/28 43 41 16/17
43 Spain 31 20 37/38 10/15
44 Sweden 47/48 10/11 53 49/50
 Rank Order On :
No Country Power Individualism/ Masculinity/ Uncertainty

Distance Collectivism Feminity Avoidance

45 Switzerland 45 14 4/5 33

46 Taiwan 29/30 44 32/33 26

47 Thailand 21/23 39/41 44 30

48 Turkey 18/19 28 32/33 16/17

49 Uruguay 26 29 42 4

50 U.S 38 1 15 43

51 Venezuela 5/6 50 3 21/22

52 West Africa 10/11 39/41 30/31 34

53 Yugoslavia 12 33/35 48/49 8

01
Universalism versus Particularism
02
Individualism versus Communitarianism
03
Neutral versus Affective
04 Specific versus Diffuse
05 Achievement versus Ascription
06 Sequential versus Synchronic
07 Internal versus External Control
01/ Universalism vs
Particularism

• Consistency • Flexibility
• Systems, standards • Pragmatic
& rules • Make exceptions
• Uniform procedures • “It depends”
• Demand clarity • At ease with ambiguity
01/ The Car Accident
What happens to your friend?
01/ What Right has Your Friend?

A. My friend has a definite right as a friend to

expect me to testify to the lower figure.
B. He has some right as a friend to expect me to
testify to the lower figure.
C. He has no right as a friend to expect me to
testify to the lower figure.
01/ Universalism
Friend has no/some right and would not help

Switzerland 97 %
Canada 93
USA 93
Sweden 92
United Kingdom 91
Australia 91
Netherlands 90
Germany 87
Estonia 85
Czech Rep 83
France 73
Singapore 69
Japan 68
India 54
China 47
Russia 44
Korea 37
Venezuela 32
0 20 40 60 80 100
02/ Individualism versus
Communitarianism
a) One said: ‘It is obvious that if one has as
much freedom as possible and the maximum
opportunity to develop oneself, the quality of
one’s life would improve as a result.’

b) Another said: ‘If the individual is

continuously taking care of his or her fellows
then the quality of life for us all will improve,
even if it obstructs individual freedom and
individual development.’
02/ Individualism
Percentage opting for Individual Freedom

Israel 89 %
Canada 71
USA 69
Denmark 67
Netherlands 65
Finland 64
Estonia 63
UK 61
Russia 60
Germany 53
Italy 52
Indonesia 44
Singapore 42
China 41
France 41
Japan 39
India 37
Mexico 32
Egypt 30
0 20 40 60 80 100
 03/ Neutral versus Affective
In my society, it is considered unprofessional
to express emotions overtly.
Please select your position on the statement
above:

a) Strongly agree
b) Agree
c) Be undecided
d) Disagree
e) Strongly disagree
03/ Neutral versus Affective
Percentage not expressing emotions overtly

Ethiopia 81
%
Japan 74
Hong Kong 64
China 55
Estonia 51
Canada 49
Denmark 48
Portugal 47
Sweden 46
UK 45
USA 43
Brasil 40
Italy 33
France 30
Argentina 28
Russia 24
Spain 19
Egypt 18
Kuwait 15
0 20 40 60 80 100
04/ Specificity
A boss asking to paint his house

The colleague argues:

You don’t have to paint the house if you don’t feel
like it. He is your boss in the company. Outside the
company, he has little authority
The subordinate argues:
Despite the fact that I don’t feel like it, I will paint the
house anyway. He is my boss and you cannot ignore
it outside your work either.
 04/ Specificity
Would not paint the house

Sweden 91 %
Netherlands 91
Denmark 89
UK 88
Canada 87
USA 82
Australia 78
Japan 71
Mexico 70
Thailand 69
Greece 67
Belgium 66
Estonia 65
Singapore 58
Venezuela 52
Kuwait 47
Nigeria 46
China 32
0 20 40 60 80 100
05/ Achievement versus
Ascription
What You Do Who You Are

STATUS ?
05/ Achievement versus
Ascription

• Family
• Age
• Gender
• Education
05/ Achievement versus
Ascription

‘The most important thing in life is to act

as really suits you, even if you don’t get
things done’
05/ Achievement versus Ascription
Percentage not agreeing with acting as really suits you

USA 76 %
Australia 69
Canada 65
UK 56
Sweden 54
Estonia 52
Denmark 49
Germany 40
Switzerland 34
France 33
Hong Kong 32
Mexico 31
Russia 30
China 28
Japan 26
Poland 21
Korea 20
Czech Republic 13
Argentina 12
Egypt 4
0 20 40 60 80 100
06/ Time Orientation

Think of the past, present and future as

being in the shape of circles. Please draw
three circles representing past, present and
future. Arrange these circles in any way
you want that best shows how you feel
about the relationship of the past, present
and the future. You may use different size
circles.
06/ Time Orientation
Past, Present and Future

USA FRA

JPN SPA

UK EST
06/ Time Orientation
Sequential versus Synchronic

1.45 Sequential 3.00

Synchronic
1.45 - 2.00 3.00 - 3.15
06/ Time Orientation
Sequential versus Synchronic

JUST IN TIME
07/ Internal versus External
Control
External Control
Nature as an organism
Subjugation to nature

Internal Control
Nature as a
mechanism
Dominance over
nature
07/ Internal versus External
Control

A.What happens to me is my
own doing.

B.Sometimes I feel that I do not

have enough control over the
direction my life is taking.
07/ Internal versus External Control
What happens to me is my own doing

Israel 88 %
Norway 86
USA 82
UK 77
France 76
NL 75
Belgium 75
Italy 72
Estonia 72
Germany 66
Japan 63
India 63
Czech Republic 59
Singapore 57
Kuwait 55
Russia 49
China 39
Venezuela 33
0 20 40 60 80 100