PFE 303 Agricultural structures and

environmental control (2+1)

Environmental control
systems and their
designs
BY:
G.ABIRAMI (2020050002)
P. THANGA PRIYA (2020050037)
Environmental control systems,why?

• Major purpose of environmental control in buildings for housing

livestock is for comfort of the animals
• The physiological reactions of the animals are of extreme importance
in determining design conditions
• Warm-blooded animals, such as cattle, swine, sheep, and poultry, give
off heat and moisture during normal living processes. The rate at
which these are expelled will vary with environmental conditions

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 Let’s discuss

Dairy cattle Poultry Hog

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Dairy
cattle:

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 TEMPERATURE:
Latent heat is that heat contained in the
vaporized moisture expelled by the animal.
Dairy Cattle: As the temperature increases, more moisture is
given off by the animal, carrying with it more
heat in latent form to regulate the body
temperature of the animal

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 Milk production :
ambient temperatures from 4 to 95°F on the milk
production of Jersey and Holstein cows.
 Lowering the temperature from 50 to 4°F
depressed the milk production. (unacclimatised)
Dairy Cattle:  The optimal temperature zone for milk production
appeared to be not far from 50°F. Critical high
Milk temperature was apparently 80°F.
 Rising temperatures were more detrimental to the
Holsteins, and declining temperatures more
detrimental to the Jerseys.

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 Feed intake:
Maintenance energy requirements increase by about 1%
Dairy Cattle: for each 1°F below 32°F.(adjust feed energy using 32°F
as the baseline).
Feed intake This is about 3 pounds of corn or 5-6 pounds of orchard
grass hay.

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 At 0°F, about 8 percent of the total heat given off by the
animals was dissipated by evaporative losses;

Dairy Cattle: At about 102°F all of the heat produced was dissipated
by moisture vaporization.

Moisture  0-20°F 0.3-0.4 pound per hour

 20-40°F 0.4-0.6 pound per hour
evaporation  40-60°F 0.6-0.8 pound per hour
 60-80°F 0.8-1.7 pounds per hour
 90-100°F 2 pounds per hour

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Relative changes in rising temperature

Water inake
Temperature (°F) DMI (lbs..) Milk yield (lbs..)
(gallons)
68 40.1 59.5 18

77 39 55.1 19.5

86 37.3 50.7 20.9

95 36.8 39.7 31.7

104 22.5 26.5 28

22/11/2023 Presentation Title : Environmental systems and controls

POULTRY
 EGG LAYING:

POULTRY:
Optimal temperature range for egg production lies in
the neighborhood of 50 to 55°F.

Egg production Temperatures as low as 45° and as high as 65° do not

seem seriously affect egg production.

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 CHICK PRODUCTION:

POULTRY:  When baby chicks are first hatched, they do not

have the facility to produce heat.
 Hence the beat must be supplied artificially.
Chick production  It has long been accepted practice to start day-old
chicks at a temperature of 95°F and drop the
temperature 5°F each week until 70 °F is reached..

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HOG
 Heat production:

HOG:  Hog would produce about 350 Btu per hour sensible
heat and about 410 Btu per hour total heat at 60°.
 This means that 60 Btu per hour is produced in
Heat production moisture.
 It 1060 Btu is required to evaporate a pound of
moisture, the hog would be reducing approximately
0.06 pound of water vapor per hour.

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 References:
Agricultural structures and environmental
controls by Dr. R. Lalitha Professor (SWC Engg.)
Agricultural Engineering College and Research
Institute, TNAU, Kumulur and Dr. K. P. Rama
Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala

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 Thank. you

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