EEE 6015 Power Systems and Smart Grids

Lecture 11- Power System Stability

Mr. Jayaminda Anuradha
(M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering, B.Sc. Engineering (Hons), University of Moratuwa.)
Faculty of Engineering
Study World Lanka Campus

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Introduction
• The stability of an interconnected power system is its ability to
maintain acceptable operating conditions under normal operation
and after being subjected to a disturbance

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Classification of Power
System Stability

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Classification of Power System Stability

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Rotor Angle Stability
• Rotor angle stability is the ability of the interconnected synchronous
machines running in the power system to remain in the state of
synchronism

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Small Signal Stability
• Small signal stability refers to the system's ability to maintain steady
voltages when subjected to small perturbations such as incremental
changes in system load.

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Transient Stability
• Transient Stability is the ability of a synchronous power system to
return to stable condition and maintain its synchronism following a
relatively large disturbance arising from very general situations like
switching ON and OFF of circuit elements, or clearing of faults, etc.

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Voltage Stability
• The ability of the power system to maintain steady acceptable
voltages at all the buses in the system under normal operating
conditions and after being subjected to a disturbance

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Mid-Term and Long-Term Stability
• When the transition between transient and long-term responses
needs to be presented the mid-term stability is used while long-term
stability is used if slower and long-lasting mismatching between
consumption and generation of both reactive and active powers is
introduced

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Representation of a Synchronous Machine

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Identification of Rotor Angle

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Identification of Rotor Angle
• The angle between E and is equal to the angle between and which is
known as the “Rotor Angle”

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Identification of Rotor Angle
• Under normal operation; Relative positions of the rotor axis, and the
resultant air-gap magnetic field axis, are fixed. Thus, the rotor angle,
is fixed
• During a disturbance, rotor will decelerate or accelerate with respect
to the synchronously rotating air-gap mmf and a relative motion
begins
• After the oscillatory period, if rotor locks back into synchronous
speed, generator will maintain its stability

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Identification of Rotor Angle
• If the disturbance does not involve net change in power, the rotor axis
returns to its original position
• If the disturbance is created by a change in generation, load or
network condition, the rotor comes to a new operating power angle,
relative to

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Swing Equation
• Consider a synchronous generator operating at steady state

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Swing Equation
• During a disturbance

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Swing Equation

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Swing Equation

Define

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Swing Equation

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Swing Equation

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Swing Equation

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Swing Equation

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Swing Equation

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Swing Equation

Swing Equation
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Swing Equation
• Assume a case of coherent machines (i.e. two generators in a power
station connected to a single bus bar)

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Swing Equation
• Assume a case of non-coherent machines (i.e. two power areas
connected through a long transmission line)

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Power Flow Equation

Power Flow Equation

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Power Angle Curve

• The maximum power is referred to as the

“Steady State Stability Limit” and occurs
at the angular displacement of

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Equal Area Criterion
• Analytical method used for quick prediction of stability
• Only applicable for: One machine connected to an infinite bus and two machine
systems
• IF, the Area corresponding to
acceleration = Area
corresponding to deceleration
• Then the generator is transiently
stable

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Equal Area Criterion

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Equal Area Criterion

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Equal Area Criterion
• The fault clearing angle (δc) at which, Area corresponding to
acceleration (A1) = Area corresponding to deceleration (A2) is called
the “Critical Clearing Angle”

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Tutorial Question 1
• A generator operating at 50 Hz delivers 1 pu power to an infinite
busbar through a network in which resistance can be neglected. A
fault occurs in the network reducing the maximum power transferable
to 0.4 pu, whereas before the fault, maximum power transferable was
1.8 pu and after clearing the fault it was 1.3 pu. Using the equal area
criterion, determine the critical fault clearing angle.

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Tutorial Question 1(Answer)

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Tutorial Question 1(Answer)

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Tutorial Question 1(Answer)

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Tutorial Question 1(Answer)

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Tutorial Question 1(Answer)

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References
• Lecture slides EE 3043 Dr. L.N.W. Arachchige
• H. Saadat “Power Flow Analysis,” Power System Analysis, Boston,
USA:McGraw Hill, Inc., 2002, pp. 232–234.
• P. Kundur, “Power System Stability,” Power System Stability and Control Electrical
Engineering Handbook, 2007.
• Sivanagaraju, S. and Satyanarayana, S., “Electric Power Transmission and
Distribution”, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2009
• Uppal, S.L., “A Text Book of Electrical Power”, Khanna Publications, New Delhi
• Bandyopadhyay, M.N., “Electrical Power Systems”, Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 2007

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