Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, the students must have

• Determined the interrelatedness of

society, environment, and health;
• Identified human-causes species loss as
one of the major current threats to
biodiversity;
• Defined biodiversity hotspots and
explain where most of the world’s
biodiversity hotspots are located; and
• Familiarized with genetically modified
organisms.
BIODIVERSITY
 BIODIVERSITY
- condensed phrase of “biological
diversity”
- a multifaceted topic covering many
aspects of biological differences.
- In a broader view, it could be defined as “life on earth.”

- It supports all life on earth which covers the variety of

life forms at structural levels.
Genetic
Biodiversity
 It is a measure of
the variety of
versions of the same
genes within
individual species.
Species
Biodiversity
Describes the
number of different
kinds of organisms
within individual
communities or
ecosystems
Ecological
Biodiversity
 Specifies the number of
niches, trophic levels,
and ecological processes
that capture, sustain food
webs and recycle
materials within this
system.
The Importance of Biodiversity
The Importance of Biodiversity

Biodiversity
provides food and
medicine.
 The Importance of Biodiversity

Biodiversity can
aid ecosystem
stability.
 The Importance of Biodiversity

Aesthetics and existence values are

important.
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY

HIPPO
 THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY

E.O. Wilson summarizes

human threats to biodiversity
as HIPPO, which stands for
HIPPO
HABITAT DESTRUCTION

HIPPO
INVASIVE SPECIES

HIPPO
POLLUTION

HIPPO
POPULATION OF HUMANS

HIPPO
OVERHARVESTING

HIPPO
EARTH’S BIODIVERSITY
HOTSPOTS
EARTH’S BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS
 EARTH’S BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS

Biodiversity hotspots are regions characterized both by

exceptional levels of plant endemism and serious
levels of habitat loss.
Tropical forests are typically
biodiversity hotspots and are
usually filled with endemic
species.
Endemism is a term used
in biology to talk about the
distribution of a taxon limited to
a small geographic area and
which can therefore be found
naturally in this place. In
consequence, endemic species
are those that live in a limited
area, such as a mountain range,
lake or island, among others.
 While selective breeding has existed for thousands of years, modern
biotechnology is more efficient, and effective because seed developers are able to
directly modify the genome of the crop. This process is called “genetic modified
organism (GMO). It is also known as genetic engineering, where in selective
breed of plants were being enhanced with the genes of another plant. Some
example of these plants is wheat which cannot be easily drought, maize which can
survive pesticides, and cassava which has additional nutrients than normal
cassava. Genetic modified crops can help farming a lot. It can produce higher
number of yields than usual. By this, GMO can strengthen farming especially
against the unpredictable factors of nature. But controversy remains on how to get
an access to this biotechnology and regarding to the safety of genetic modified
foods.
The Impact of GMO
to Biodiversity and
Environment
 The Impact of GMO to Biodiversity and
Environment

A. An insect resistant crop could have direct toxic

effect on non-target species

B. A GM crop could have an indirect effect to

other species by reproducing the source of food
for other wildlife such as birds
 The Impact of GMO to Biodiversity and
Environment
C. Pest resurgence could be resulted from insects which
become resistant to chemicals when used on pest
tolerant GM crops repeatedly and may increase the
number of pest

D. Creates imbalance in nature by changing

the predator-prey ratio
THANK
YOU !!!