呼吸系统英文实习

Imaging Manifestations
of Common Diseases
Dr. Guan Wang
Diseases of trachea and bronchus - bronchiectasis
typing ：
 Cylindrical bronchiectasis - The distal and proximal lumens of the dilated

bronchus are similar in width
 Cystic bronchiectasis - The distal end of the expanded bronchus is wider

than the proximal end, and the distal end is bulbous
 Varicose bronchiectasis - The degree of dilation is slightly greater than that

of columnar bronchiectasis, but the local contraction of the tube wall makes
the shape of the bronchus irregular and looks like varicose veins
The three types can be mixed or dominated by one type.

bronchography
Cylindrical Cystic Varicose

bronchiectasis bronchiectasis bronchiectas
is
CT findings ：
HRCT is the most effective method to diagnose bronchiectasis
 Cylindrical type: thickened bronchial wall and widened lumen
--Track sign, seal ring sign, finger ring sign
 Cystic type: Cystic expansion, grape string
--Characteristic signs: gas-liquid plane, thickening of cyst wall
 Varicose type: uneven lumen, irregular wall, beaded
 Accompanying bronchiolitis: tree bud sign
Multiple cylindrical
bronchiectasis of left
lung(Parallel to the scanning
plane - Track sign)
Cylindrical bronchiectasis is perpendicular to the

scanning plane -- "seal ring sign"
Cylindrical bronchiectasis with formation

of mucus thrombus (finger trap sign)
Cystic bronchiectasis with

infection(Air-liquid plane)
Varicose bronchiectasis
with infection
Mixed bronchiectasis with

infection
Lung disease - pulmonary inflammation: lobar pneumonia
Pathological changes determine imaging findings

X-ray and CT showed exudation and consolidation of different shapes and ranges
Congestion period: there is still air inflation in the alveoli, and the X-ray usually has no
obvious abnormality
Consolidation period (red and gray liver stage): large uniform dense shadows, air
bronchogram sign, with interlobar fissure as the boundary, can also be limited to a part of
the lung lobe or a lung segment.
Dissipation period : the density of consolidation image gradually decreases, and the focus
is scattered and the size of patchy shadow varies.
Outcome: after further absorption, only cord streak shadow was seen until it returned to
normal
A few form organized pneumonia
Consolidation period
The consolidation and dissipation periods of the same patient

Lung disease - pulmonary inflammation: bronchopneumonia
Pathological changes
Centered on the lobular bronchi, it extends to the alveoli through
the terminal bronchi,
The lesion range is lobular, scattered on both sides, and can also
be fused.
Bronchial obstruction - lobular emphysema or segmental
atelectasis
X ray and CT findings

location--The inner middle zone of the middle and lower fields of both lungs
Bilateral paraspinal and lower lung fields of bedridden patients
Distributed along the bronchus, speckled or patchy high density shadows,
with thin and fuzzy edges
It can be fused into a large area with cavities (CT can show small
lesions and cavities)
Compensatory emphysema of peripheral lung field
outcome--Complete absorption dissipation
Long term cause bronchiectasis or organized pneumonia
Compensatory emphysema
Lobular distribution
Lesions fused
Lung disease - pulmonary inflammation: interstitial pneumonia
Pathological changes
Involved part-- Mesenchyma around bronchus and blood vessels, alveolar
septum, alveolar wall, interlobular septum, etc., with few or no pulmonary alveoli
involved
Localized lymphangitis and lymphadenitis
Terminal bronchiolitis → Obstruction of lumen → Localized emphysema or
atelectasis
Chronic ： Different degrees of connective tissue hyperplasia
X ray findings
Predilection site --Two hilar regions and lower lung
fields,
The apical and bilateral extrapulmonary zones are less
involved
Straight thin strip shadow, reticulate
Small nodules of uniform size and widely distributed
Enlarged hilum of lung (lymphadenitis)
outcome ： Absorption and dissipation are slower than
alveolar inflammation
CT findings
Ground glass density shadow can be seen in lung at
early stage (residual gas in alveoli)
Diffuse reticular shadow in both lungs
Interlobular septal thickening and interlobular pleural
thickening
Small shadow or nodular shadow
Enlargement of hilar and paratracheal lymph nodes
Ground glass interlobular

density patch septal
shadow thickening
First visit Recheck after 8

days
Lung disease - pulmonary inflammation: lung abscess
Route of infection ： Inhalation (most common), blood source, direct spread

Pathological changes ： Pyogenic bacteria enter terminal or respiratory
bronchi → Inflammation and necrosis → Proliferation of surrounding granulation
tissue and fibrous tissue → Necrosis is discharged through the bronchus →
cavity
Outcome ： Effective treatment → Cavity narrowing and blocking → A few fiber
strands remain
Treatment is not timely → Procrastinate → Fibrosis of cave wall, chronic
abscess
X ray findings
Acute phase—Large dense shadows with blurry edges
Thick wall cavity, gas-liquid plane, smooth or uneven wall
Peripheral exudation shadow, which may be accompanied by
pleural thickening or effusion, pyothorax
Chronic phase—Thin wall cavity, clear wall, and surrounding cable
strip shadow
A 40-year-old male with a fever of 38-39 degrees, persistent cough and expectoration
Before treatment After 2 weeks of treatment

CT findings
---- Early detection of necrosis and cavity, and observation of abscess wall
The non necrotic part of the enhanced scan was enhanced to varying
degrees, and the abscess wall was significantly enhanced in a ring shape
Chronic lung abscess with clear cave wall, peripheral cord streak shadow,
bronchiectasis and emphysema
Ipsilateral hilar and/or mediastinal lymph node enlargement
Hematogenous pulmonary abscess ： Multiple nodules, patches and
cavities in both lungs
Comparison
before and after
treatment
Pulmonary disease - tuberculosis
Pathological changes ：
1. Exudative lesions - filled with inflammatory cells and exudate in the alveoli
and bronchioles → a little fibrosis remains after absorption
2. Proliferative lesions - early non absorption of exudative lesions →
tuberculous granulation tissue → fibrotic healing
3. Metamorphic lesions - exudative lesions rapidly progressed or fused →
caseous pneumonia → liquefied cavities, bronchial dissemination →
calcification healing
Three types of pathological changes can coexist
Classification of tuberculosis (2004 edition, Medical Imaging, 8th edition,

People's Health Publishing House)
Type I: primary pulmonary tuberculosis: clinical symptoms caused by initial
tuberculosis infection
Type II: hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis: acute, subacute,
chronic
Type III: secondary pulmonary tuberculosis: the main type of pulmonary
tuberculosis
Type IV: tuberculous pleurisy: dry, exudative and tuberculous empyema
Type V: other extrapulmonary tuberculosis: named according to the location and
1. Primary pulmonary tuberculosis (type I)

1.1 Primary syndrome
Acute exudative inflammatory lesions in lung parenchyma （
Primary focus ）
→ Spread to local lymph nodes through lymphatic vessels
（ Tuberculous lymphangitis ）
→ （ Tuberculous lymphadenitis ）
These three are collectively called primary syndrome
1. Primary pulmonary tuberculosis (type I)

1.1 Imaging manifestation of primary syndrome “dumbbell type”
X ray ： primary focus patch or cloud like shadow, which can be fused
into large areas
Lymphangiitis - One or more vague cords
Lymphadenitis - nodular shadow of pulmonary hilum or mediastinum
protruding to lung tissue
CT ： more clear display of lesions
Lymph node is found to compress bronchus – atelectasis
Adjacent pleural changes
Primary pulmonary tuberculosis

2. Hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis (type II)

Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis entering the blood circulation
From the primary lesion, tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph node lesions;
Progress in tuberculosis of genitourinary system or bone and joint
According to the route, quantity, times and body reaction of tuberculosis
invading blood circulation: ：
→ Acute miliary tuberculosis
→ subacute or chronic hematogenous disseminated pulmonary
tuberculosis

2.1 Acute miliary tuberculosis
A large number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis invade the blood circulation
once or several times in a short time
Mostly seen in children and primary pulmonary tuberculosis stage
X-ray: Only increased lung markings can be seen at the initial stage
Two weeks later, typical miliary nodule, 1-2 mm, covered lung markings
"Three uniformity" - the distribution, size and density of the lesions are
uniform
CT findings: more clearly show "three homogeneous" miliary lesions
2.2 Subacute or chronic hematogenous pulmonary tuberculosis
A small amount of Mycobacterium tuberculosis invades the blood circulation for many times in a
long time
X-ray: "Three uneven"+various forms
Different sizes, millet grains to about 1cm in diameter
Uneven density, high density of exudative proliferative lesions, calcification
Uneven distribution, old calcification and other lesions are mostly located in the lung apex and
subclavian bone,
New exudative proliferative lesions are located below
Focal fusion, caseous necrosis, cavity, bronchial dissemination
CT findings: more clearly show the fusion of the lesion, small calcification, etc
3. Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis (type III)

The most common type of pulmonary tuberculosis found in adults
Endogenous -- mostly reactivation of primary lesions that have been quiescent
Exogenous -- rare, that is, mycobacterium tuberculosis enters the lung again from the outside
Prevalent sites: pulmonary apex, subclavian region and dorsal segment of inferior lobe
Clinical symptoms: low fever, fatigue, cough, night sweating, hemoptysis, chest pain and
emaciation in severe cases
Basic lesions: exudation, proliferation, dissemination, fiber, cavity and other multiple lesions exist
together
Special type: tuberculoma, caseous pneumonia

3.1 Invasive pulmonary tuberculosis - imaging findings
Localized patch shadow: posterior segment of upper lobe tip, dorsal segment of lower lobe
Caseous pneumonia: consolidation of a lung segment or lobe, wormhole like cavity
Proliferative lesion: spot shadow with clear edge tree bud sign
Tuberculoma: round, quasi round, with calcification inside and satellite lesions around
Tuberculous cavity: thin wall, smooth inner and outer walls, satellite focus
Bronchial disseminated disease: patch shadow distributed along the bronchus on the same or
opposite side
Dissemination along bronchus

Caseous pneumonia
Tuberculous cavity
Multiple performances coexist:

Cavity, tree bud sign, patch, cord
Tuberculoma satellite foci


3.2 Chronic fibrocavitary pulmonary tuberculosis
Advanced type of secondary pulmonary tuberculosis
Tuberculosis focus develops, improves and becomes stable repeatedly
Clinical symptoms appear repeatedly, sputum bacteria are often
positive, and it is difficult to treat
Main pathological changes: cavity, fibrosis, bronchial dissemination, etc
Secondary lesions: emphysema, bronchiectasis, pulmonary heart
disease

3.2 Chronic fibrocavitary pulmonary tuberculosis - imaging findings
Fibrous cavity
Around the cavity: calcification, a lot of fiber strands
The lung lobe is deformed, and the hilum of the lung is raised,
showing a weeping willow shape
Compensatory emphysema
Pleural hypertrophy and adhesion
Mediastinum shift to the affected side
Fibrosis, calcification, "pulmonary hilar weeping willow",

mediastinal displacement, pleural adhesion
Cavity, satellite focus, emphysema,

pleural adhesions
4. Tuberculous pleurisy (type IV)

It usually occurs in children and adolescents, and can be seen in primary or
secondary tuberculosis
Can occur alone or simultaneously with pulmonary tuberculosis
Dry - no obvious or little exudation
Exudative - usually seen in the late stage of the initial infection, usually
unilateral serous
Dissociation or localization (package)
The patient with a long course may have pleural thickening, adhesion or
calcification
4. Tuberculous pleurisy (type IV)-- Imaging performance

X-ray: free pleural effusion: more than 250ml
Pulmonary floor effusion: the highest point of "diaphragm top" is at the
outer 1/3
Interlobular effusion: easy to display in lateral position
Encapsulated effusion: tangential semicircle or mound shaped shadow
CT: A small amount of effusion can be found
Free effusion
Pleural thickening can be
seen on CT
Encapsulated effusion
Long course of disease, pleural thickening,

adhesion and calcification
Pulmonary disease - malignant tumor of lung
Primary pulmonary malignant tumor

Classification by growth site
Central type: segmental and above bronchial, squamous cell carcinoma is
common
Peripheral type: below segment, above bronchiole, adenocarcinoma is
common
Diffuse type (bronchioloalveolar carcinoma): bronchiole or alveolar wall
Primary pulmonary malignant tumor -- central type of lung cancer

Lung cancer occurring in the lung segment or bronchi above the lung segment,
Mainly squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma and carcinoid,
adenocarcinoma is rare
Classification according to growth mode (alone or simultaneously)
Intratubular type: growing from bronchial mucosa into the tube
Tube wall type: infiltrating and growing along the bronchial wall
Outside tube wall shape: penetrating bronchial wall and growing
outwards
Primary pulmonary malignant tumor -- central type of lung cancer

Early stage: confined to the bronchial lumen or growing along the tube wall,
The surrounding lung parenchyma was not involved and there was
no distant metastasis.
Middle and late stage: tumor signs and secondary signs of bronchial
obstruction
Signs of metastatic tumor
Primary pulmonary malignant tumor -- central type of lung cancer -- X ray
In the early stage, there is often no abnormal manifestation, and sometimes
localized emphysema or obstructive pneumonia
Middle late stage
Tumor signs: mass in hilar region (usually fused with hilar lymph nodes)
Bronchial stenosis or obstruction
Secondary signs: atelectasis, obstructive pneumonia, emphysema and bronchiectasis

(Mucus retention), single or combined
Special signs: transverse S sign - central lung cancer in the upper lobe of the right lung. When
the upper lobe of the right lung is atelectasis, the upper lobe moves forward and upward due to the
reduced volume of the atelectasis lobe. The line between the lower edge of the upper lobe of the
atelectasis and the lower edge of the hilar mass is in a transverse S shape.
Left pulmonary hilar mass with Right upper lobe central lung cancer
obstructive inflammation with atelectasis transverse S sign
Primary pulmonary malignant tumor -- central type of lung cancer -- CT

Early stage: slight obstructive pneumonia and atelectasis
Slight thickening of bronchial wall, intraluminal nodules and stenosis
Middle and late stage: hilar mass, soft tissue density
Bronchial wall thickening, irregularity, intraluminal mass
Stenosis or even truncation of lumen
Secondary signs - inflammation, atelectasis
Enhanced scanning and multiplanar reconstruction:
Whether mediastinum, pulmonary hilum and vascular structure are involved
Central lung cancer of left upper lobe

Central lung cancer of right

upper lobe with atelectasis
Enlargement of mediastinal
lymph nodes
Central lung cancer of right lower lobe

Right upper lobe central lung cancer with obstructive

inflammation
Enlargement of mediastinal and right hilar lymph nodes
Mediastinal lymph node enlargement, bone metastasis, pericardial effusion

Primary pulmonary malignant tumor—Peripheral lung cancer

Lung cancer occurring in the bronchus below the lung segment
Mainly adenocarcinoma of lung
Early lung cancer: ≤ 2cm without metastasis
Imaging manifestations: solid nodules -- burr, lobulation, small cavity,
pleural indentation sign
Ground glass density nodules - full GGO, mixed GGO
Solid nodule complete GGO mixed GGO


Imaging manifestations in progressive stage
• Tumor signs: lobulation sign, spiculation sign, spinous process sign,
vacuole sign, bronchiole inflation sign, bronchial truncation sign,
vascular convergence sign, cavity
• Signs of adjacent pleural invasion: pleural indentation, "triangle", "V",
"multiple lines"
• Metastatic signs: pleural effusion, lymph node enlargement, bone and
brain metastasis
Imaging manifestations in progressive stage -- Density and enhancement of lung
cancer
• Lesion necrosis less than 3cm is rare, with more homogeneous enhancement
• The necrotic area of the mass above 3cm is mostly located in the center of the
lesion, a few millimeters to several centimeters. The enhanced scanning shows
clearly, and the enhancement is obvious from the necrotic area to the tumor edge.
The peak increase of CT value is generally greater than 30HU.
• Smaller lesions are affected by partial volume effect
• Calcification: the detection rate of conventional CT is about 6%, and amorphous or
Round like mass, burr sign,

pleural indentation sign
Lobular mass, spicule sign, spinous

process sign, blood vessel bunching sign
Cavity, burr sign, pleural indentation sign,

vacuole sign, bronchial inflation sign

Special type of mediastinal lung cancer: presenting as a mass beside the
mediastinum, but primary in the lung
Imaging is very similar to mediastinal tumor

Special type
Superior sulcus tumor/carcinoma of the lung: peripheral lung cancer occurs in the
apex of the lung, Involvement of brachial plexus or destruction of
adjacent ribs and vertebrae
Primary pulmonary malignant tumor—diffuse lung cancer

(bronchioloalveolar carcinoma)
WHO classifies alveolar carcinoma as adenocarcinoma
The characteristics of lepidic growth:
The tumor cells grow along the alveolar wall, the lung structure is not damaged,
The mucus secreted by the tumor fills the alveoli. Bronchial inflation sign and
vacuole sign are often seen.
General classification:
① Solitary nodule type ② Multiple nodule type ③ Diffuse type
Primary pulmonary malignant tumor - diffuse lung cancer (bronchioloalveolar carcinoma)
X ray ： Multiple diffuse nodules or patches in both lungs, distributed in the middle and lower
fields,
May show consolidation of multiple lung segments and lobes
CT: 5 characteristic manifestations
(1) Honeycomb sign: the density in the lesion area is uneven, showing a honeycomb like air cavity.
(2) Air bronchogram sign : the bronchial wall is irregular, with general stenosis, stiffness and
distortion,
It is mainly the large bronchus that forms air bronchogram sign, with the form of withered
branches.
(3) Ground glass sign: The involved lung tissue presents a grid like structure with approximate
water like density.
(4) Angiographic sign: The enhanced scanning showed homogeneous dendritic vascular
Diffuse distribution of nodules, patchy shadows, air

bronchogram sign, ground glass density, consolidation
air bronchogram sign Consolidation angiogram sign

Secondary pulmonary malignant tumor - metastatic lung cancer

Single metastasis: atypical, sometimes difficult to diagnose
Multiple metastatic tumors: hematogenous, lymphatic metastasis, direct
invasion, airway metastasis
Typical imaging features: multiple cotton ball like or millet like nodules with clear
boundary
The density is uniform and the size is different. Most of them are located in the
middle and lower lung fields of both lungs.
Cavity is rare, calcification/ossification is seen in osteosarcoma metastasis
Enlargement of hilar lung and/or lymph nodes
Sarcoma of inguinal skin squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma of right upper

lobe of lung
Lymphangiitis associated with
two lung cancers
Mediastinal diseases - mediastinal tumors and tumor like
lesions
Mediastinal tumors and tumor like lesions
Mediastinal tumor: refers to the tumor originating in the mediastinum
Common: intrathoracic goiter, thymoma, teratoma
Lymphoma, neurogenic tumor
Tumor like lesions: intrathoracic goiter, various cysts
lesions
Mediastinal tumors and tumor like lesions
Prevalent part:
Thoracic entrance: thyroid mass is common in adults
Lymphangioma is common in children
Anterior mediastinum: thymoma and teratoma are common
Middle mediastinum: lymphoma, lymph node metastasis, bronchial cyst
Posterior mediastinum: common neurogenic tumors, such as neurofibroma
Schwannoma, ganglion cell neuroma
lesions
Clinical manifestation
It is related to tumor size, location, benign and malignant
•Upper vena cava compression: jugular vein distension, head, neck and
upper limbs edema, cyanosis
•Trachea pressure: irritating dry cough, wheezing and asphyxia can be seen
•Esophagus compression: dysphagia occurs frequently
Nerve compression: different symptoms of the affected nerves may
indicate malignant diseases
Compression or invasion of recurrent laryngeal nerve may cause
hoarseness
Vagus nerve compression may cause heart rate slowing, nausea,
vomiting and constipation
Sympathetic nerve compression: can cause Horner syndrome
Diaphragmatic nerve compression: intractable hiccup, diaphragmatic
Mediastinal disease - intrathoracic goiter
• Most of them are nodular goiter, a few are adenoma, and occasionally
adenocarcinoma
• May have symptoms of trachea and esophagus compression
• CT
High density mass of anterior superior mediastinum
Clear boundary, calcification or low-density cystic change can be seen inside
The enhanced examination was obviously enhanced for a long time, and
the adjacent vessels were compressed and displaced
Continuous observation shows that the mass in the mediastinum is
connected with the goiter in the neck, and the density is consistent
intrathoracic goiter
Right anterior superior mediastinum - substernal goiter

Mediastinal diseases -- thymoma
• It accounts for 50% of anterior mediastinal tumors and is common in adults

• About 15% of myasthenia gravis has thymoma; 30% - 50% thymoma with myasthenia gravis
• X ray ： The mediastinum is widened on the anteroposterior radiograph, and the mass is
located in the anterior mediastinum on the lateral view
CT
• Round mass in the anterior and middle
mediastinum,
• May have lobulation
• Good people have clear boundaries,
• Irregular boundary of malignant person
• There may be arc-shaped or patchy
calcification in the tumor
• Some may have cystic changes
• Moderately uniform reinforcement after
reinforcement
Malignant thymoma
B2B3 mixed type
Invasive thymoma: the edge of the tumor is irregular, with obvious

lobulation; The peripheral fat space disappeared; Irregular pleural thickening,
pleural effusion, pericardial thickening and pericardial effusion during
implantation transfer
Mediastinal diseases -- teratoma
• Primordial germ cell origin, multiple cell components

• Cystic (mostly benign), solid (benign, malignant)
CT ：
• Thick walled unilocular or multilocular masses
• Mixed density, including fat-liquid level, calcification or bone, fat, etc
• Malignant tumor have irregular edges, short-term enlargement and
transient significant enhancement on enhanced scanning
teratoma
teratoma
Mediastinal disease -- lymphoma
• Hodgkin disease and non Hodgkin lymphoma are common
• It is more common in men and tends to occur in young adults
• The main clinical manifestations are fever, enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, and tumor
compression
CT ：
• Multiple groups of mediastinal lymph nodes were enlarged, and the anterior and middle mediastinum
were the most common
• It can be fused into a block, and the edge is lobulated, compressing and invading the surrounding
blood vessels.
• When the mass is large, there may be necrosis, and the enhancement examination shows mild to
moderate enhancement
• The pericardium and pleura are involved, pleural effusion and pericardial effusion occur, and
pulmonary interstitial infiltration occurs
lymphoma
lymphoma
lymphoma
lymphoma
Mediastinal diseases - neurogenic tumors
• 90% of them are located in the posterior mediastinal paravertebral space,

and a few tumors are anterior
• Including schwannoma, neurofibroma and ganglioneuroma, mostly benign
• Mainly compression symptoms, ganglioneuroblastoma and
pheochromocytoma
• Epinephrine secretion, hypertension with large fluctuations in clinical
CT 、 MR findings ：
• The tumors are mostly located in the paravertebral groove, round in shape,
uniform in density, and can be calcified and cystic
• If the lesion invades into the vertebral canal, it will be "dumbbell shaped"
• Most schwannomas contain mucus matrix, and the density is slightly lower than
that of muscle
• Benign patients have smooth edges, enlarged intervertebral foramen, and bone
compression and absorption
• Malignant patients have unclear boundary, uneven density and irregular
destruction of adjacent bone
• Uniform or non-uniform reinforcement
• MR showed long T1 and long T2 signals, which were significantly enhanced
after enhancement
Schwannoma
Schwannoma

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Imaging Manifestations

 Cylindrical bronchiectasis - The distal and proximal lumens of the dilated

 Cystic bronchiectasis - The distal end of the expanded bronchus is wider

 Varicose bronchiectasis - The degree of dilation is slightly greater than that

The three types can be mixed or dominated by one type.

Cylindrical Cystic Varicose

Cylindrical bronchiectasis is perpendicular to the

Cylindrical bronchiectasis with formation

Cystic bronchiectasis with

Mixed bronchiectasis with

Pathological changes determine imaging findings

The consolidation and dissipation periods of the same patient

X ray and CT findings

Ground glass interlobular

First visit Recheck after 8

Route of infection ： Inhalation (most common), blood source, direct spread

Before treatment After 2 weeks of treatment

Classification of tuberculosis (2004 edition, Medical Imaging, 8th edition,

1. Primary pulmonary tuberculosis (type I)

1. Primary pulmonary tuberculosis (type I)

Primary pulmonary tuberculosis

2. Hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis (type II)

2. Hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis (type II)

3. Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis (type III)

3. Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis (type III)

Dissemination along bronchus

Multiple performances coexist:

Tuberculoma satellite foci

3. Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis (type III)

3. Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis (type III)

Fibrosis, calcification, "pulmonary hilar weeping willow",

Cavity, satellite focus, emphysema,

4. Tuberculous pleurisy (type IV)

4. Tuberculous pleurisy (type IV)-- Imaging performance

Long course of disease, pleural thickening,

Primary pulmonary malignant tumor

Primary pulmonary malignant tumor -- central type of lung cancer

Primary pulmonary malignant tumor -- central type of lung cancer

Secondary signs: atelectasis, obstructive pneumonia, emphysema and bronchiectasis

Primary pulmonary malignant tumor -- central type of lung cancer -- CT

Central lung cancer of left upper lobe

Central lung cancer of right

Central lung cancer of right lower lobe

Right upper lobe central lung cancer with obstructive

Mediastinal lymph node enlargement, bone metastasis, pericardial effusion

Primary pulmonary malignant tumor—Peripheral lung cancer

Solid nodule complete GGO mixed GGO

Primary pulmonary malignant tumor—Peripheral lung cancer

Round like mass, burr sign,

Lobular mass, spicule sign, spinous

Cavity, burr sign, pleural indentation sign,

Primary pulmonary malignant tumor—Peripheral lung cancer

Primary pulmonary malignant tumor—Peripheral lung cancer

Primary pulmonary malignant tumor—diffuse lung cancer

Diffuse distribution of nodules, patchy shadows, air

air bronchogram sign Consolidation angiogram sign

Secondary pulmonary malignant tumor - metastatic lung cancer

Sarcoma of inguinal skin squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma of right upper

Right anterior superior mediastinum - substernal goiter

• It accounts for 50% of anterior mediastinal tumors and is common in adults

Invasive thymoma: the edge of the tumor is irregular, with obvious

• Primordial germ cell origin, multiple cell components

• 90% of them are located in the posterior mediastinal paravertebral space,