To Study Various Factors On Which The Internal

Resistance /EMF Of A Cell Depends

Investigatory Project in Physics

Name: PARTH KINAGE

Class: Xll B
Roll no: 14
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I extend my heartfelt appreciation to my esteemed physics teacher, Mrs. Roopam Kumari Ma'am, whose
unwavering guidance and mentorship played an indispensable role in successfully completing the project on
"Factors Influencing Internal Resistance and Electromotive Force of a Cell." Their wealth of knowledge and
encouragement propelled me through the intricacies of the study, fostering a deeper understanding of the subject.
I am grateful for the collaborative spirit among my classmates, whose diverse perspectives and shared insights
significantly enriched the research process. The exchange of ideas and discussions elevated the project, making it a
collective and intellectually rewarding endeavor.
To my family and friends, I owe a debt of gratitude for their steadfast support, providing the emotional fortitude
needed to navigate the challenges and uncertainties inherent in such academic pursuits.
Moreover, the availability of resources, including well-equipped laboratories and comprehensive reference
materials, greatly contributed to the thorough exploration and robustness of the study.
In conclusion, the success of this project is a testament to the collective efforts of my teacher, peers, and support
network. It underscores the collaborative and communal nature of academic pursuits, leaving an indelible mark on
my educational journey.

Name: Parth Kinage

Class: Xll B
School: PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDHYALA GANESHKHIND
 Introduction
Increasing the Potential of Batteries

• There is a growing need for powerful

batteries in electronic appliances.
• This project focuses on analyzing the
factors affecting the internal resistance of
a cell.
• By reducing the internal resistance, we
can increase the potential difference and
reliability of the cell.
 Internal Resistance
Resistance of the Electrolyte

• Internal resistance is the resistance offered by

the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.
• It is measured in Ohms (Ω).
• The formula for internal resistance is: r = (E - V)
/I
• Where E is the emf of the cell, V is the potential
difference across the external resistance, and I
is the current flowing through the circuit.

Photo b
 Practical Analysis
Objective and Apparatus

• The objective is to study the various

factors affecting the internal resistance of
a cell.
• The apparatus required includes a
potentiometer, battery, keys, rheostat,
galvanometer, resistance box, ammeter,
Leclanche cell, jockey, setsquare,
connecting wires, and sandpaper.
 Theory

Factors Affecting Internal Resistance

• The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the distance between the
electrodes.
• It is inversely proportional to the facing surface
area of the electrodes in the electrolyte.
• It decreases with an increase in the temperature
of the electrolyte.
• It is inversely proportional to the concentration
of the electrolyte.
 Procedure - Variation of Internal Resistance
with Distance
Steps for Distance Analysis

1. Clean the connecting wires and make tight connections.

2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the emf of the battery and cell for a null point.
4. Measure the balancing length between the null point and the end P.
5. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
6. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat resistance small.
7. Without inserting a plug-in key , adjust the rheostat so that a null point is obtained on
the last wire of the potentiometer.
8. Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set square and measure the
balancing length (1) between the null point and the end P.
9. Next introduce plugs in both keys and . At the same time, take out a small resistance (1-5
W) from the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with the cell.
10. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point.
11. Measure the balancing length ( L) from end P. Record these
12. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
13. Then remove the plugs of keys K, and K2. Wait for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
14. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of observations.
Procedure - Variation of Internal Resistance
with Electrode Area
Steps for Electrode Area Analysis

• Keep other factors constant and increase the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
them into the electrolyte at different depths for each observation.
• Obtain three observations by measuring the balancing length for each depth of immersion.
• Repeat the steps for different areas of electrodes.

Photo by
Procedure - Variation of Internal Resistance
with Temperature
Steps for Temperature Analysis

• Keep other factors constant and increase the temperature of the electrolyte.
• Obtain three observations by measuring the balancing length for each
temperature.
• Repeat the steps for different temperatures of the electrolyte .

Table for effect of Temperature

by Pexel
Observation
Results of the Experiment

• The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant

and is equal to
E = 0.98 Volt.
• The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped
in electrolyte.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.
Precautions:
• The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
• The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are to be taken.
• The positive polls of the battery E and cells E, and E2 should, all be connected to the
terminal at the zero of the wires.
• The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire gently.
• The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of observation. If
necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose.

Sources of errors:
• The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
• The Potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and material density
throughout its length.
• End resistances may not be zero.
THANK YOU

NAME: Parth Kinage

CLASS: Xll B
ROLL NO: 14