SRI BALA VIDYALAYA

D AND F
BLOCK
ELEMENTS
TRANSITION
ELEMENTS:
Transition elements (also known as

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transition metals) are elements that have
partially filled d orbitals. IUPAC defines
transition elements as an element having a d
subshell that is partially filled with
electrons, or an element that has the ability
to form stable cations with an incompletely
filled d orbital.

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PERIODIC TABLE:

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D BLOCK
ELEMENTS:
D- TRANSITION SERIES
• Groups 3 to 12 elements are called d-

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block or transition elements. These
elements are present between p-block and
s-block elements in the periodic table.
These elements’ properties are
intermediate between the properties of s -
block and p -block elements, i.e. d -block
elements represent a change or transition
in properties from most electropositive s -
block elements to less electropositive p -
block elements. Therefore, these elements
are called transition elements.
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D block elements:

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
*The transition elements have very high densities compared to the metal of groups I
and II(s-block).
*d-block elements form compounds that are generally paramagnetic.

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*d-block elements are used to make alloys with other metals.
*d-blocks elements have a large size. That’s why they form interstitial compounds

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with elements such as hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, etc.
*Most transition metals such as Mn, Ni, Co, Cr, V, etc., and their compounds have
been used as catalysts. .

*Transition elements have a high melting point because they have high ionisation

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enthalpy.

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TRENDS IN MELTING POINTS:
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VARIATION IN ATOMIC RADII:
The atomic radii in a transition series decrease from left to right due to an
increase in the nuclear charge. However, the decrease in atomic radii is
minimal and non-uniform. It decreases from group-3 to group-10 and

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again increases towards the end of the series due to inter electronic
repulsions among (n-1)d-electrons.

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On moving down, the group atomic radii of transition elements increase.
Third transition series elements (except first member La) have nearly the
same atomic radii as that of second transition series elements due to

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lanthanoid contraction.

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IONISATION ENTHALPY:
Ionisation enthalpies increase along with a given transition series due to
increased nuclear charge. Ionisation enthalpies also increase down the
group in a series. 5d series have higher ionisation enthalpy than 3d and 4d
series but irregularity is observed in ionisation enthalpies of 3d and 4d

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series.

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Oxidation states:
The oxidation state of an element can be defined as the degree of capacity e of an element in a
chemical compound to lose electrons from its valence shell full stop is also referred to as the
degree of oxidation. Transition elements exhibit a wide range of oxidation states in their
compounds. For example, magnesium shows a wide range of oxidation states that starts from

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+2 and goes up to +7 in its various compounds. However, some of the elements exhibit very
few oxidation States. The elements that are included in very few oxidation states are zinc and
scandium. The very few oxidation states of any of the elements are because of the fact that
they have very few electrons to lose from their valence shells. For example, scandium has too
many d electrons and hence very few orbitals to share electrons with others for very high
valence. The variable oxidation states in valence electrons are due to the very few amount of
electrons that are filled in d-orbital in such a way that their oxidation states differ from each
other by a unitary.

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STABILITY:
Chromium manganese and Cobalt shows a very high oxidation State. Manganese does not
exhibit a +7 oxidation state in the case of halides but in compound MnO3F the +7 oxidation
state is known. ΔhydH of Cu+2 is more than Cu+, which compensates for the second ionisation
enthalpy of Cu, therefore the Cu+2 (aq) is known to be more stable than Cu+ (aq). In Mn2O7
the oxidation state of Mn is +7 which proves that the oxidation state of manganese is higher in

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case of its oxides. The Mn oxide, Mn2O7 shows a higher oxidation states in comparison to Mn
fluorides, MnF4 as oxygen has the tendency to form multiple bonds with metals. Mn-O-Mn
bridge is included in Mn2O7 where each Mn is tetrahedrally surrounded by O’s. The other
elements in the compound such as such as Fe2O3 and V2O4 exhibits +3 and +4 oxidation states
respectively. Due to the inert pair effect in the p-block elements, the heavier elements prefer a
low oxidation state which is just the opposite in case of the d-block elements. As in group 6, Mo
(VI) is found to have higher stability in comparison to Cr (VI).

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TRENDS IN M2+/M:
The general trend towards less negative E0 values along the
series is due to the general increase in the sum of first and
second ionization enthalpies. Copper shows a unique

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behaviour in the series as it is the only metal having positive
value for E0.

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TRENDS IN THE M3+/M2+:
It is difficult to remove an electron from it to change it into +3
states. The comparatively high value of E0 (Mn3+/Mn2+)
shows that Mn2+ is very stable which is on account of stable ds
configuration of Mn2+.

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STABILITY OF HIGHER
OXIDATION STATES:
1.Higher oxidation states of transition metals are stabilized by atoms of
high electro negativity like O and F.
2.In higher oxidation states covalent bonds are formed because of that the

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compounds of higher oxidation state of d-block elements are stable .

REASON:
1.The highest oxidation states of transition metals are found in fluorides and
oxides since fluorine and oxygen fluorine and oxygen are the most
electronegative elements.
2.Mostly ionic bonds are formed in lower oxidation states but in higher
oxidation covalent bond is formed because of that stability of transition metal
oxides in higher oxidation state increases.
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Chemical Reactivity and E0 Values:
The transition metals vary very widely in their chemical
reactivity. Some of them are highly electropositive and
dissolve in mineral acids whereas a few of them are 'noble',
i.e., they do not react with simple acids.

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MAGNETIC PROPERTIES:
Most of the transition elements show paramagnetic behaviour. The unpaired
electrons in (n-1) d orbitals are responsible for the magnetic properties. The
paramagnetic character of the transition metals increases on moving from left to
right as the number of unpaired electrons increases from one to five. The middle
elements are found to possess the maximum paramagnetic property. The magnetic

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properties decrease with the decrease in the number of unpaired electrons. The
transition metals which contain paired electrons depict diamagnetic behaviour.

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MAGNETIC MOMENTUM:
Formula to calculate magnetic momentum:

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Where n is number of unpaired electrons
A single unpaired electron contains magnetic moment of 1.73 BOHR MAGNETONS(BM)

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FORMATION OF COMPLEX
COMPOUNDS:
Transitions elements or ions show complex formation tendency because they are
small in size and they have d-electrons to form new bonds. Due to their small size,
d-electrons and high nuclear size they can accept lone pairs of ligands and form

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complexes.

CATALYTIC PROPERTIES:
Transition metals show catalytic behaviour mainly due to the following reasons:
The presence of vacant d orbitals. They have the ability to exhibit variable
valencies. They have a tendency to form complex compounds.

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INTERSTETIAL COMPOUNDS:
Interstitial compounds form when Hydrogen atoms, Carbon atoms, or Nitrogen
atoms get trapped inside metal crystal lattices. Transition metals are capable of
forming interstitial compounds. Elements such as Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen,
Boron, etc. React with transition metals.

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CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Interstitial compounds exhibit non-stoichiometric properties and are neither generally ionic
nor covalent. They have high melting points, exceeding those of pure metals. They are
extremely hard, with some borides approaching diamond hardness. They don't lose their
metallic conductivity.

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ALLOY FORMATION:
The atomic sizes of transition metals are very similar to each other and this
attributes to their nature of forming alloys. As the atomic sizes are very similar,
one metal can replace the other metal from its lattice and form a solid solution.
This solid solution is known as an alloy. This is the reason why transition metals

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are miscible with one another in the molten state. When the molten solution cools,
the corresponding alloy formation takes place.

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COMPOUNDS OF TRANSITION
ELEMENTS:
Ferrous Sulphate (Green Vitriol), FeSO4.7H­2O
Hydrated and anhydrous FeSO4 is green and white in colour respectively. It is isomorphous with Epsom salt,
MgSO4.7H2O and ZnSO4.7H2 It effervesces on exposure to air. Like other ferrous salts, it takes up HNO3 forming

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brown coloured double compound, Fe(NO)SO4, nitroso ferrous sulphate.

It forms double salts with sulphates of alkali metals with general formula R2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O. With ammonium
sulphate, it forms a double salt known as ferrous ammonium sulphate or Mohr’s salt, FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O. It
does not effervesce. It ionises in solution to gives Fe2+, NH4+ and SO42– ions.

Ferric Oxide, Fe2O3

Anhydrous salt is yellow, deliquescent compound and highly soluble in H2O. On heating, it gives FeCl2 and Cl2. Its
aqueous solution is acidic due to hydrolysis.

Silver Nitrate, AgNO3

Silver nitrate forms precipitate with some salt solutions which help in the detection of acid radicals. It decomposes on
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GROUP MEMBERS:
1.EMMANUEL ROSHAN
2.THARUN
3.SAMRAJ

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4.SANJAY ARAVIND
5.MOHAMMAD HAASIM
6.VISHAL SRINIVAS

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