ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

TALL BUILDING SYSTEMS

Ts. Dr. Mohd Zamri Ramli

012-7139790
mohdzamri@utm.my

https://people.utm.my/mohdzamri/
 About Myself
Senior Research Fellow
Engineering Seismology and
Earthquake Engineering Research
Group (e-SEER)

Senior Lecturer

Academic Manager of External

Programs (PAPL)

Program Coordinator
Master of Engineering Associate Member Associate Member
(Structure), The Disaster Preparedness & Noise And Vibration Institute
Prevention Centre (DPPC), HICoE by MOHE
Structural Laboratory Coordinator MJIIT, KL

Faculty of Civil Engineering,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
 Teaching Background
Elective UG and
Master
Elective UG and
Tall Building Core Master Core UG Elective Master

System and Building

Structural Information
Design IT For Civil
Dynamic Modelling and Engineer
Wind & Information
Earthquake Construction Ministry of Management
Industry Science, Ministry of
Development Technology and Education
Board Innovation Malaysia

CIDB MOSTI MOE

Research Background
 Human Resource Ministry

Civil Engineering Construction

(F42) Occupational JKR
Framework (2021)

Consultancy Background TNB

Pre-approved Project
(PAP) drawings Fragility
Study (2020)
Seismic analysis of Khenering
and Chenderoh Dam Life
Extension Project (LEP) TNB
(2019)
Paleoseismology and
Seismic Hazard Study on
MS EN MS EN DMS JKR Assets of Tenaga National
Berhad (2018)
1998-1 1998-2 18H001
Vulnerability Study to existing
building due to seismic
Consultant / JKR
activities in Sabah (2016)
Technical Committee in Seismic Design
Malaysia National Annex
DMS 18H001; Petroleum Independence Checker
to Eurocode 8: Design of Malaysia National Annex Consultant / JKR
and natural gas for New Lahad Datu
Structures for to Eurocode 8: Design of Prison Project (2018)
industries - Specific Hazard Assessment and Risk
earthquake resistance – Structures for earthquake
requirements for Study, Wind, Seismic,
Part 1: General rules, resistance – Part 2: Tsunami and Ship Collision
offshore structures - Part
seismic actions and rules Bridges Impact for bridge connecting Academy of Sciences
2: Seismic design
for Buildings. Semporna and Bum Bum
procedures and criteria. Island, Sabah (2013) Seismic and Tsunami
Hazards and Risks Study in
Malaysia (2006)
JKR

Vulnerability Study of JKR

Public Buildings Subjected
to Earthquake (2005)
Putrajaya Monorail
Bridge Analysis (2004)
Table of Content
Chapter 1 Introduction to Tall Building Structures
Chapter 2 The Evolution of Highrise Building
Chapter 3 Analysis and Type of Tall Building System
Chapter 4 Loads and Dynamic of Structures
Chapter 5 Wind Load Design
Chapter 6 Earthquake Load Design
Chapter 7 Modelling and Analysis
Chapter 8 Basic Structural Formation and Force Actions
Chapter 9 Steel in Tall Building
Chapter 10 Lateral Load Distribution
Chapter 11 Design of Shear Walls
Chapter 12 Categories of Limit States
Chapter 13 Robustness
 Chapter 1:
Introduction to Tall Building Structures
 Introduction

A multi-storey is a building that has multiple floors above ground in the

building.
A tower block, high-rise, apartment tower, residential
tower, apartment block, block of flats, or office
tower is a tall building or structure used as a
residential and/or office building, and is 7 or more stories.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable
building of over 20 floors, mostly designed for office,
commercial and residential uses (also be called
a high-rise), in term of high:
Skyscraper - Higher than 66 m (217 ft).
Supertall - Above a height of
300 m(984 ft)
Megatall - Beyond 600 m (1,969 ft)
 Introduction : The Needs of Tall Building Structures

Tall buildings are built out of necessity as

one of a wide range of tools to achieve
high density development.

They provide the opportunity to control

urban sprawl with their relatively small
foot print.

As the population density of urban areas

has increased, so has the need for
buildings that rise rather than spread.

The skyscraper, which was originally a

form of commercial architecture, has
increasingly been used for residential
purposes as well.
 Introduction : The Needs of Tall Building Structures

Skyscrapers express wealth and power of the city

The history of skyscrapers shows many iconic buildings, and all of

them come with a special story.

The Empire State Building is a true symbol of New York City, which
had been known as the tallest building for a long time, since it was
built in 1931.

In the past 25 years, much of the focus on development of tall

buildings has shifted to Asia.

Malaysia, China, Taiwan and South Korea have seen some

remarkable developments, such as the Petronas Towers in Kuala
Lumpur, Taipei 101, the Jin Mao Building and World Financial Centre
in Shanghai and the International Finance Centre in Hong Kong.

These super-skyscrapers are in a league of mega-tall buildings that

really cannot be rationalised though economic theories, urban
scarcity and steep land prices.
 Introduction : The Needs of Tall Building Structures

Introduction to Tall Building – World Building Map

 Introduction : The Needs of Tall Building Structures
Introduction to Tall Building – World Building Map
Number of
# City Population Area size
buildings
1 Moscow 11,503,501 1,080 km² 11,783
2 Hong Kong 7,061,200 1,053 km² 7,833
3 Seoul 10,581,728 616 km² 6,761
4 São Paulo 11,316,149 1,523 km² 6,443
5 New York City 8,336,697 800 km² 6,229
6 Singapore 5,312,400 710 km² 5,287
7 Busan 3,614,950 527 km² 3,428
8 Incheon 2,710,579 1,029 km² 3,204
9 Istanbul 10,121,565 1,991 km² 3,199
10 Tokyo 8,967,665 620 km² 2,912
11 Rio de Janeiro 6,323,037 1,182 km² 2,782
12 St. Petersburg 4,879,566 1,431 km² 2,604
13 Mumbai 12,478,447 621 km² 2,485
14 Toronto 2,615,060 629 km² 2,112
15 Kyiv 2,797,553 800 km² 1,931
16 Kuala Lumpur 1,627,172 243 km² 1,755
17 Buenos Aires 2,891,082 200 km² 1,742
18 Chongqing 6,300,000 82,403 km² 1,739
19 Bangkok 8,280,925 1,568 km² 1,707
20 London 8,173,194 1,579 km² 1,672
From https://www.emporis.com/
 Introduction : The Needs of Tall Building Structures
Introduction to Tall Building – World Building Map
Number of
# City Population Area size Points
buildings
1 Hong Kong 7,061,200 1,053 km² 7,833 137,022
2 New York City 8,336,697 800 km² 6,229 45,114
3 Chongqing 6,300,000 82,403 km² 1,739 40,762
4 Seoul 10,581,728 616 km² 6,761 32,392
5 Shenzhen 3,538,275 2,020 km² 1,115 29,482
6 Singapore 5,312,400 710 km² 5,287 27,294
7 Busan 3,614,950 527 km² 3,428 25,729
8 Guangzhou 6,560,500 7,434 km² 931 24,547
9 Moscow 11,503,501 1,080 km² 11,783 23,540
10 Dubai 2,104,895 3,885 km² 1,122 23,405
11 São Paulo 11,316,149 1,523 km² 6,443 23,253
12 Shanghai 17,836,133 6,638 km² 1,495 22,175
13 Bangkok 8,280,925 1,568 km² 1,707 21,494
14 Incheon 2,710,579 1,029 km² 3,204 20,913
15 Chicago 2,714,856 589 km² 1,180 20,613
16 Tokyo 8,967,665 620 km² 2,912 16,002
17 Kuala Lumpur 1,627,172 243 km² 1,755 15,202
18 Toronto 2,615,060 629 km² 2,112 14,205
19 Mumbai 12,478,447 621 km² 2,485 12,478
20 Panama City 880,691 2,560 km² 345 11,312
Note: Each building is assigned points based on its floor count From https://www.emporis.com/
Tallest Building in the world 2023
Tallest Building in the world 1900 – 2030
 Tall Building Structural Material
A steel tall building is defined as a building where the main vertical and lateral structural elements and
floor systems are constructed from steel.

A concrete tall building is defined as one where the main vertical and lateral structural elements and
floor systems are constructed from concrete.

A composite tall building utilizes a combination of both steel and concrete acting compositely in the
main structural elements, thus including a steel building with a concrete core.

A mixed-structure tall building is any building that utilizes distinct steel and concrete systems above or
below each other. There are two main types of mixed structural systems: A steel/concrete tall building
indicates a steel structural system located above a concrete structural system, with the opposite true of
a concrete/steel building.

Additional Notes:

1) If a tall building is of steel construction with a floor system of concrete planks on steel beams, it is
considered a steel tall building.

2) If a tall building is of steel construction with a floor system of a concrete slab on steel beams, it is
considered a steel tall building.

3) If a tall building has steel columns plus a floor system of concrete beams, it is considered a
composite tall building.
 Tall Building in the world by Material
-
Demolished Steel/Concrete
Structural Material
-
- composite
- composite
Steel
2001
- Steel
- Steel
- Steel
- - Steel
Steel
1968 Steel
Steel

From https://www.emporis.com/
Tall Building Structural System and Material
Classifying Tall, Squat and Short Structures

Failure modes of solid walls

Introduction to Tall Building – Peninsular Malaysia
Introduction to Tall Building – Peninsular Malaysia
Top 15

Update 9 Jan 2022

Introduction to Tall Building – Peninsular Malaysia

Update 9 Jan 2023

 Introduction to Tall Building – Peninsular Malaysia
Condominium
Office Hotel

Flat/ Low cost Apartment

Serviced Residence /
Serviced Apartment /
Serviced Suites
 Issues that should be addressed
1. Usage Distribution vs Return on Investment (ROI)
Issues that should be addressed
2. Tall Building Layout

TIME
Issues that should be addressed
3. Design Codes of Practices
 Issues that should be addressed
3. Design Codes of Practices

Pre 1990’s 1990 – to date The future

Changing Design Philosophies

Force-based Design Capacity Design Performance –based

(e.g. British Standard) (e.g. Eurocode) engineering
• • Extend Capacity Design
• Design elements to take Consider deformation of
• Or use non-linear elastic concept
extra loads system
• • Explicitly identify serviceability and
• Did not consider structure Dissipate energy through
plastic hinge formation ultimate performance requirements
as a system – did not • Run many non-linear numerical
consider how it would fail (hysterisis damping)
• Design for particular simulations
as a whole • Develop fragility curve (probability
• Poor actual performance collapse mechanism (but
building will be damage / distribution)
• Life safety • Design for explicit risk
unstable?)
• • Continued serviceability
Life safety
• Life Safety
 Issues that should be addressed
3. Design Codes of Practices

Eurocode Family Superseded Standards

BS 8110 : Part 1 – Section 2

BS 6399, BS 648 BD 37/88

BS 8110, BS5400 & BS8007

Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for

buildings
Part 2: Bridges
Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings
Part 4: Silos, tanks and pipelines
Part 5: Foundations, retaining structures and
geotechnical aspects
Part 6: Towers, masts and chimneys
Issues that should be addressed
3. Design Codes of Practices
 Issues that should be addressed
4. Engineering Point of View (Requirement for Design)
Issues that should be addressed
5. Construction Method
 Issues that should be addressed
5. Construction Method

Industrilised Building System (IBS)

An Industrialised Building System (IBS) refers to a technique of construction whereby
components are manufactured in a controlled environment - either onsite or offsite -
placed and assembled into construction works.

The term IBS is used in Malaysia, whereas it is also known as Pre-fabricated/Pre-fab

Construction, Modern Method of Construction (MMC) and Off-site Construction in
the rest of the world.

The five commonly used IBS types in Malaysia are:

i. Precast concrete framing, panel and box systems;

ii. Steel framework systems;
iii. Prefabricated timber framing systems;
iv. Steel framing systems; and
v. Blockwork systems.
 Issues that should be addressed
5. Construction Method
THE IBS CONTENT SCORING SYSTEM
The maximum IBS Score for a building is 100 points.
The IBS Score is made up of the following components:
Part 1 – Structural Systems (Maximum score is 50 points)
Points are awarded for various types of structural system used, e.g. precast concrete
beams and columns, steel, prefabricated timber, etc.
Part 2 – Wall Systems (Maximum score is 20 points)
Points are awarded based on various types of wall systems used e.g. precast
concrete panel, glass, dry partition, block work, etc.
Part 3 – Other Simplified Construction Solutions (Maximum score is 30 points)
Points are awarded based on usage of other simplified construction solutions e.g.
standard components based on MS 1064, standardised grids, other 3D prefabricated
components such as prefabricated toilets, staircases, etc.
IBS SCORE = SCORE FOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
+
SCORE FOR WALL SYSTEMS
+
SCORE FOR OTHER SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS
 Issues that should be addressed
6. Energy Efficiency

WHAT IS A GREEN BUILDING?

A Green building focuses on increasing the

efficiency of resource use – energy, water, and
materials – while reducing building impact on
human health and the environment during the
building’s lifecycle, through better siting,
design, construction, operation, maintenance,
and removal. Green Buildings should be
designed and operated to reduce the overall
impact of the built environment on its
surroundings.
 Issues that should be addressed
6. Energy Efficiency

PLATINUM

SURUHANJAYA TENAGA

http://www.greenbuildingindex.org/ KOMPLEKS KERJA RAYA 2 (KKR 2)

 Issues that should be addressed
7. Cladding and infill walls

Large variety of cladding systems: traditional

brickwork, curtain walling and glazing

Light steel infill walls as sub-structure to all types

of facades

Double skin glazed façades to reduce solar gain

Issues that should be addressed
7. Cladding and infill walls
KWSP building with polyethylene
claddings not under class 0
 Issues that should be addressed
8. Rainwater Harvesting (RWH)

The Government of Malaysia has since

collaborated with various government agencies
such as Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment (NAHRIM), Department of
Irrigation and Drainage (DID), Department of
Local Government, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM), Universiti Sains Malaysia
(USM) and Universiti Malaya (UM) to pursue
research and development efforts on rainwater
harvesting system while focusing on hydrologic
and hydraulic design, system design and
performance, installation and operational costs
and water quality aspects.
After years of feasibility studies and discussions, an amendment to the Uniform Building By-
Laws 1984 were made in early-2012, requiring newly-built detached buildings as well as
bungalows and semi-detached bungalows with a roof area of 100 square meter and above, to
be equipped with a system that captures rainwater for reuse (Sistem Penuaian Air Hujan
SPAH). The states of Johor, Kelantan, Malacca, Perak, and Selangor gazetted the ruling.
 Issues that should be addressed
8. Rainwater Harvesting (RWH)

CHALLENGES IN HARVESTING RAIN

i. Costly
ii. No incentive to harvest rainwater given
Malaysia’s low tariffs
iii. Hefty installation cost burdens developers
(between RM100,000 and RM500,000 for a
multi-storey building or mixed
development)
iv. Bulky rainwater tanks – an eyesore and
space consuming
v. Tedious process involved when
determining rainwater harvesting tank
placement
vi. Not exactly green
 Issues that should be addressed
9. Escape Route
London fire
One way route – Stair or lift minded
 Issues that should be addressed
9. Escape Route

Chute /route
Issues that should be addressed
10. Smart Building and Smart Cities
 Issues that should be addressed
10. Smart Building and Smart Cities

optimization Cyber Security

data mining
Sustainable
IoT
HVAC

Smart Cities
Building Maintenance
automation Smart
systems Building
(BAS)

planning Occupant Comfort

Virtualization
 Issues that should be addressed
11. Quality Living

How high-density homes can offer The right building design

quality living
Quality vs Quantity
According to the United Nations’ World
Urbanization Prospects: The 2018
Revision Report, as of 2019, 76% of the Some space and air
Malaysian population resides in urban
areas and the percentage is projected to Balance heat and light
reach 87.3% by 2050.
Building Direction and configuration
Based on data from the Department of
Statistics Malaysia (DOSM), the Federal
Territory of Kuala Lumpur has an Safety and Comfort
estimated population of 1.8 million in
2018, which translates to a population Natural vs Artificial
density of 7,407 per square kilometre,
compared with Singapore’s population
density of 7,804. Lifestyle vs Livingness
ENDLESS POSSIBILITIES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
OF TALL BUILDINGS

TIME
ENDLESS POSSIBILITIES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
OF TALL BUILDINGS

TIME
Dubai
1964
Dubai
Sanghai
1920
Sanghai
New York
1873
New York

Now
Kuala Lumpur

1890
Kuala Lumpur

Now
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur
Modern Ghost City: Ordos, China

TIME