COURSE

INFORMATION
STRUCTURAL &
OVERVIEW
DYNAMICS
Dr. Sarehati Umar
+6013-3581353
sarehati@utm.my
Course Learning Outcomes
 Assessment

Assessment CLO Percentage

1 Test 1 CLO1 15
2 Test 2 CLO2 15
3 Experiment CLO3 10
4 Project CLO2, CLO3 10
5 Final Exam CLO1, CLO2 50
Grand Total 100
 References

1. A.K. Chopra, Dynamics of Structures, Theory and Applications to Earthquake

Engineering, 5th Edition in SI Units, Prentice Hall, 2020

2. Mario Paz, Structural Dynamics, Theory and Computation, Kluwer Academic

Publishers, 6th Edition, 2019

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 Overview

What is ‘dynamic’? – time-varying

Objective of structural dynamics:

✓ To obtain the structural response under dynamic loads (displacement, force,
strain, acceleration etc.)
✓ To study the dynamic characteristics of structural systems (period,
frequency, mode, and damping)

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 Study of dynamics

1. Free vibration
• The system is set in motion by some initial disturbance from its static equilibrium and is then
allowed to move free from any further external forces.
• The subsequent motion is then a function purely of the properties of the structure.
• In particular, the mass and stiffness of the system govern the rate at which it chooses to
oscillate, usually known as the natural frequency..

2. Forced vibration
• Forced vibration occurs when the system is excited by a time-varying external force.
• If the frequency of the loading is close to the natural frequency of the system, then very large
motions can occur due to resonance.

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 Dynamic Loads

Periodic dynamic load Non-periodic dynamic load

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 Dynamic vs Static Problem

1. Variation with time

• A static analysis can only be performed if the system does not depend on
time, and if the loads being applied are constant.
• In a dynamic analysis, the system itself, the load application, or both might
change with time.

2. Inertia forces
• Static analyses don’t consider inertia.
• In a dynamic analysis, the inertial loads developed by the system due to
acceleration are taken into account.

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 DYNAMIC
ANALYSIS

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 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Point B
• FInternal = FApplied long-term static effect
• Velocity ≠ 0
temporary dynamic
Point C effect
• FInternal > FApplied
• Velocity = 0

Point D
• FInternal < FApplied
• Velocity = 0

➢ FInternal at B represent the long-term static effect of the load

➢ Additional FInternal between B and C represents the temporary dynamic effect
of the load
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 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Static Dynamic
• Load is constant over the time • Load is varied over the time

• Load is applied slowly • Load is applied quickly

• No inertia forces • Inertia forces included in

equilibrium equation
Finternal + Fapplied =0 Finternal + Fapplied + Finertia =0
Finertia = Mass x Acceleration

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DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

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 MODAL
ANALYSIS

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 MODAL ANALYSIS
❖ Modal analysis is used to determine the vibration characteristics
(e.g. natural frequency and mode shapes) of linear elastic
structures

Harmonic

Transient Modal Random

Dynamics analysis vibration

Response
spectrum

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 MODAL ANALYSIS
Equation of Motion: M u+ C u+ K u = p(t )
Mass Damping Stiffness Load

Acceleration Displacement
Velocity

For modal analysis: M u+ K u = 0

Undamped free vibration system

**A structure is said to be undergoing free vibration when
it is disturbed from its static equilibrium position and then
allowed to vibrate by itself
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 MODAL ANALYSIS
M u+ K u = 0

❖ Displacement: u =  i sin (i t +  i )

Amplitude Phase angle
Angular frequency

❖ Acceleration can be obtained by taking two derivatives of

displacement w.r.t time:

u = −i  i sin (i t +  i )

2

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 MODAL ANALYSIS
❖ Substituting harmonic expression of 𝑢 and 𝑢ሷ to the governing
equation:

u = −i  i sin (i t +  i )

2
u =  i sin (i t +  i )

M u+ K u = 0

𝝎𝒊 is the angular frequency Eigenvalue Eigenvector 𝝓𝒊 is the mode shape
𝜔𝑖 corresponding to 𝑓𝑖
𝑓𝑖 = (Hz)
2𝜋
(K −  i
2
M )i  = 0
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 MODAL ANALYSIS
❖ No external forces are involved in modal analysis ⇒ free vibration.
❖ Only mass (M) and stiffness (K) are important .
❖ To determine natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure.

k If M ↑ ⇒ fn ↓ If K ↑ ⇒ fn ↑
n =
m
2
Tn =
n
1
fn =
Tn
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 MODAL ANALYSIS
❖ Why is it important to know the natural frequencies?

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