PPP – POINT TO

POINT PROTOCOL
Bhuvan Kumar M
PPP – POINT TO POINT PROTOCOL

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a TCP/IP protocol that is used

to connect one computer system to another.
Today, millions of Internet users who need to connect their
home computers to the server of an Internet service provider
use PPP

PRESENTATION TITLE 2
 KEY SERVICES
• Defines frame format for device exchange.
• Facilitates link establishment & data exchange
negotiation.
• Encapsulates network layer data in data link frame.
• Enables device authentication.
• Supports multiple network layer protocols.
• Offers connections over multiple links.
• Provides network address configuration for
temporary Internet access.
PPP LIMITATIONS
1. No Flow Control: Senders can send frames
continuously without considering receiver capacity.

2. Basic Error Control: Uses CRC for error detection;

corrupted frames are discarded without retransmission.

3. Limited Addressing: Lacks advanced addressing for

multipoint configurations.
FRAMING IN PPP

Flag: Starts and ends with 01111110 (Byte-oriented in PPP, unlike bit-oriented HDLC).

Address: Constant 11111111 (Broadcast). Optional in negotiation.

Control: 11000000 (No flow control; may be omitted).

Protocol: Defines data type. Default 2 bytes; negotiable.

Payload: Carries data. Max 1500 bytes; byte-stuffed if flag appears. Padding if size < max.

FCS: 2-byte or 4-byte CRC.

Escape byte: 01111101. Used to differentiate data from flags within the frame.
PRESENTATION TITLE 5
 TRANSITION
PHASES
Dead: No active carrier; silent line.
Establish: Start communication; option
negotiation.
Authenticate: Optional phase; authentication
packets exchanged.
Network: Protocol negotiation; agreement on
network protocols.
Open: Data transfer phase.
Terminate: Connection closure; packet
exchange for link closure.

PRESENTATION TITLE 6
 TRANSITION PHASES - EXAMPLE
Dead:
Alice and Bob have their walkie-talkies off. No communication is possible; both devices are silent.
Establish:
Alice turns on her walkie-talkie. She sends a "Hello, Bob!" signal.
Bob hears the signal and responds. Both agree to use a specific channel and volume level.
Authenticate:
Alice and Bob have agreed on a secret handshake to ensure they're genuinely communicating with each other and
not impostors.
They exchange a series of secret handshakes. If successful, they trust each other. If not, they suspect interference
and may decide to end communication.
Network:
Alice wants to share two types of information: weather updates and news.
She asks Bob, "Which one would you like to hear?"
Bob chooses "weather updates."
Open:
Alice starts sharing the weather forecast with Bob.
Bob listens and acknowledges receipt, asking occasional questions.
Te r m i n a t e :
After some time, Alice says, "That's all for now, Bob. See you later!"
They exchange farewells and turn off their walkie-talkies. 7
 MULTIPLEXING

Multiplexing in PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) refers to the capability of the protocol to handle multiple
types of network layer protocols over a single PPP link. Essentially, multiplexing allows for the
transmission of data from different network layer protocols across the same physical link.

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 MULTIPLEXING

Core Protocols of PPP:

Link Control Protocol (LCP):

Role: Manages link establishment, maintenance,
and termination.
Features: Negotiation of link options between
endpoints, categorized into configurations,
terminations, and diagnostics.
Identification: Uses protocol field value C021 in
hexadecimal for its packets.

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 MULTIPLEXING

Core Protocols of PPP:

Link Control Protocol (LCP):

Role: Manages link establishment,
maintenance, and termination.
Features: Negotiation of link options
between endpoints, categorized into
configurations, terminations, and
diagnostics.
Identification: Uses protocol field value
C021 in hexadecimal for its packets.

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 MULTIPLEXING
Core Protocols of PPP:

Authentication Protocols (AP):

1. PAP (Password Authentication Protocol):
Process: User sends username and password for verification.
Outcome: System either grants or denies access.
Packet Identifier: Protocol field value 0xC023.
2. CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol):
Process: Secure three-way handshake using challenge-response mechanism.
Security: Password remains confidential; only challenge-response data is transmitted.
Packet Identifier: Protocol field value 0xC223.

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MULTIPLEXING

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 MULTIPLEXING

Core Protocols of PPP:

Network Control Protocols (NCP):

Role: Configures the link for specific network layer protocols.
Variety: Examples include IPCP (Internet Protocol Control Protocol) for IP,
OSI for the OSI model, and Xerox for Xerox protocols.
Data Transmission: Once configuration is established, data packets from
the respective network layers can be transmitted. Protocol field values,
such as 0021 for IP, differentiate the data source.

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 MULTILINK PPP
Multilink PPP (MLPPP) extends the capabilities of the traditional Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) to operate over multiple
physical channels as a single logical link. This enhancement is essential for optimizing bandwidth usage, particularly in
scenarios where multiple channels are available for a single connection.
 MULTILINK PPP

Key points about Multilink PPP:

1.L o g i c a l t o P h y s i c a l M a p p i n g : I n M L P P P, a s i n g l e l o g i c a l P P P f r a m e i s s p l i t a n d t r a n s m i t t e d a c r o s s m u l t i p l e a c t u a l P P P
frames, each traveling over a separate channel. This mechanism allows for the bundling of multiple physical links into
one logical link.

2.P ro t o c o l F i e l d I d e n t i f i e r : To d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n r e g u l a r P P P f r a m e s a n d t h o s e b e l o n g i n g t o t h e f r a g m e n t e d l o g i c a l
f r a m e o f M L P P P, a u n i q u e p r o t o c o l f i e l d v a l u e o f O x 0 0 3 d i s u s e d i n M L P P P f r a m e s .

3.S e q u e n c e N u m b e r i n g : D u e t o t h e f r a g m e n t a t i o n o f t h e l o g i c a l f r a m e , M L P P P i n t r o d u c e s t h e n e e d f o r s e q u e n c e n u m b e r s
in the actual PPP frames. These sequence numbers help in reassembling the fragmented logical frame correctly at the
receiving end.
 MULTILINK PPP

4. Example Overview: The provided example walks through the sequence of events for a network layer packet as it
traverses a PPP connection. Here's a brief breakdown:
1. Initial frames focus on link establishment.
2. Authentication is then performed using the Password Authentication Protocol (PAP).
3. Once authentication is successful, the network layer connection is established using the Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP).
4. Subsequent frames encapsulate IP packets within the PPP frames, ensuring they are correctly routed to the IP protocol on the receiving end.
5. Finally, either the user or the system can choose to terminate the connection, which is acknowledged by the other end.
5 . P ro t o c o l I n t e r a c t i o n s : T h e e x a m p l e u n d e r s c o r e s t h e i n t e r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n d i ff e r e n t p r o t o c o l s w i t h i n P P P :
6. LCP (Link Control Protocol): Manages link establishment, maintenance, and termination.
7. AP (Authentication Protocol): Handles user authentication before allowing data transfer.
8. NCP (Network Control Protocol): Configures and manages the network layer protocols, ensuring correct routing and encapsulation of data.
THANK YOU
Bhuvan Kumar M

1DS21AI010

PPP – Point to Point Protocol 17