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What is pathology?
It is study of disease by scientific methods.
What is disease?
Abnormal variation in structure or function induced in
body…tissue…cells by specific factors.
What is histopathology?
One of the methods used to study microscopic structural
abnormalities.
Causes of diseases.
1.Genetically determined Diseases.
2.Acquired diseases.
Chemical, physical, parasites,………………..

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 Cell damage
Occurred due to different causal factors

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 Types of cell damage
• 1. Degeneration (lesser cell damage)

• 2. Necrosis (severe cell damage)

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 Degeneration
The alterations (changes) in cell metabolism
lead to changes in the morphology
(structure) of this cell.

The changes are nuclear and cytoplasmic:

a. Nuclear changes:
-Clumping of chromatin to n.membrane
-Nucleoli loss their granular components
-Reduced RNA reduced protein synthesis
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b.Cytoplasmic changes:
1.Increased cell function (Hyperfunction)
SER detoxification
-Increased free ribosomes
lysosomes
ATP,protein synthesis
pinocytosis vacuoles
in the cytoplasm

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 2.Decreased cell function
(Hypofunction)
-Dilated RER ,lost ribosomes
-impaired protein synthesis
-Mitochondria, swollen ,few cristae
-Reduction ATP production
-Change in membrane permeability

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 Types of degeneration

Degenerative changes associated with

accumulation of:
Water
Fats
Glycogen

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 A. Accumulation of water
1.Cloudy swelling
2.Vacuolar degeneration
3.Hydropic degeneration

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 1.Cloudy swelling
-Cell is swollen
-Granular cytoplasm
e.g. liver , kidney

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 2.Vacuolar degeneration
• -cell is swollen
• -vacuoles in the cytoplasm

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 3.Hydropic degeneration

-cell is swollen (ballon cell).

-accumulation of water (water-logging).
-severe form of degeneration
e.g. liver , infected skin

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 B. Accumulation of glycogen
Glycogen Liver & muscle cells
glycogen units

Glycogen glycoenolysis glucose

Glycogen Detected histochemicaly by PAS

staining method

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 Glycogen storage diseases
1.VonGierk’s disease:
Glycogen glucose-6-phosphate
glucose-6-phosphatase

glucose

Deficient in G-6-ph increased lipogenesis

obesity
kitoacidosis

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2.Pompe’s disease
Glycogen glucose
Acid –a-glycosidase
(lysosomes)

e.g. Skeletal muscle and myocardium

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3.McArdles syndrome
In muscle:
glycogen Phosphorylase muscle fatigue

In liver:
glycogen Phosphorylase hepatomegaly
hypoglycemia

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4.Diabetes millitus
Disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism

Accumulation of glycogen in muscle, liver,

kidney, leukocytes.

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 c. Accumulation of fats
In case of
alcoholism………………..fatty liver
phosphorus poisoning…… kidney tubules
anaemia ………………….heart muscle cells

Fatty degeneration Fatty infiltration

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 Nature of fatty changes

It is evident that the fat found in the

damaged cells originate from outside the
cell.

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