CHAPTER

1
WHAT
ECONOMICS IS
ABOUT
ECONOMICS
Roger A. Arnold • Thirteenth Edition

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 1-1 Your Life, 2019-2029

1-2 A Definition of Economics

1-3 Key Concepts in Economics

1-4 Ceteris Paribus and Theory

1-5 Economic Categories

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 1-1 Your Life, 2019-2029

● The answers to many of life’s questions have to do with economics:

• The salary you will earn has to do with the economic concept
of opportunity cost
• What you will do in your first job has to do with the state of
the economy when you graduate
• The price you pay for a house has to do with the state of the
housing market
• How many friends you have has to do with scarcity
• As we proceed, ask yourself how much of what you are
reading is relevant to your life, to you

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 1-2 A Definition of Economics (1 of 3)

● 1-2a Goods and Bads

• Good: Anything from which individuals receive utility or
satisfaction
• Utility: The satisfaction one receives from a good
• Bad: Anything from which individuals receive disutility or
dissatisfaction

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 1-2 A Definition of Economics (2 of 3)

● 1-2b Resources
• Land: All natural resources, such as minerals, forests, water,
and unimproved land
• Labor: The work brought about by the physical and mental
talents that people contribute
• Capital: Produced goods, such as factories, machinery, tools,
computers, and buildings, that can be used as inputs for
further production
• Entrepreneurship: The talent that some people have for
organizing the resources of land, labor, and capital to produce
goods, seek new business opportunities, and develop new
ways of doing things
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 1-2 A Definition of Economics (3 of 3)

● 1-2c Scarcity and a Definition of Economics

• Scarcity: The condition in which our wants are greater than
the limited resources available to satisfy those wants
• Economics: The science of scarcity; the science of how
individuals and societies deal with the fact that wants are
greater than the limited resources available to satisfy those
wants
• Thinking Like an Economist: Scarcity Affects Everyone
• Rationing Device: A means for deciding who gets what of
available resources and goods

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 1-4 Ceteris Paribus and Theory (1 of 1)

● 1-4a Ceteris Paribus Thinking

• Ceteris Paribus: A Latin term meaning all other things
constant or nothing else changes
• Economists specify ceteris paribus because they want to
clearly define what they believe to be the real-world
relationship between two variables
● 1-4b What is a Theory?
• Theory: An abstract representation of the real world designed
with the intent to better understand it
• Abstract: The process (used in building a theory) of focusing
on a limited number of variables to explain or predict an event

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 1-5 Economic Categories (1 of 2)

● There are four common economic categories

● 1-5a Positive Economics and Normative Economics
• Positive Economics: The study of what is in economics
• Normative Economics: The study of what should be in economics
● 1-5b Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
• Microeconomics: The branch of economics that deals with human
behavior and choices as they relate to relatively small units: an
individual, a firm, an industry, a single market
• Macroeconomics: The branch of economics that deals with
human behavior and choices as they relate to highly aggregate
markets (e.g., the market for goods and services) or the entire
economy
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 1-5 Economic Categories (2 of 2)

● Microeconomists and Macroeconomists ask different questions:

• A Microeconomist might ask:
• How does a market work?
• What level of output does a firm produce?
• What price does a firm charge for the good it produces?
• A Macroeconomist might ask:
• How does the economy work?
• Why is the unemployment rate sometimes high and
sometimes low?
• What causes inflation?

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