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IPR-II Copyright Ownership
IPR-II Copyright Ownership
The Copyright Act, 1957 protects the rights of authors, i.e. creators of literary, musical,
dramatic and artistic works and cinematograph films and sound recordings. Herein,
‘Author’ is the person who actually writes, compiles, composes, draws and makes the
work giving it particular from or expression to be read, heard, seen and enjoyed by other.
Generally, the author is the first owner of copyright in a work. Herein, the ownership of
the copyright in a work is quite different to the ownership of the work in physical form
created/made/delivered. For example, a person who owns/buys the book does not mean
that he is the owner of the copyright of the book also.
The author may also create a work on his own behalf with the help of another person or in
course of employment by another person. In other words, an author may create a work
independently or he may create a work under ‘joint authorship’, ‘contract of service’ or
‘contract for service’.
Copyright Protection gives exclusive rights to the authors/owners of the work to exploit
the work to derive economic/commercial benefits. If any person without authorization
from the author/owner exercises any of the exclusive rights in respect of the work which
has copyright protection, it constitutes an infringement of the copyright.
AUTHORSHIP :[SECTION 2(d)]
Section 2(d) of the Act defines the term ‘author’ means in relation
to:
a literary [Section 2(o)] or dramatic work[Section 2(h)], the
author of the work;
a musical work[Section 2(p)], the composer [Section 2(ffa)];
an artistic work other than a photograph[Section 2(c)], the artist;
a photograph[Section 2(s)], the person taking the photograph;
a cinematograph film [Section 2(f)] or sound recording[Section
2(xx)], the producer[Section 2(uu)];
any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work which is
computer-generated, the person who causes the work to be
created.
OWNERSHIP :[SECTION 17]
Herein, the author of a work shall be the first owner of copyright in the work. Though,
there are certain exceptions to it provided under Section 17 of the Act. For example:
a literary, dramatic or artistic work made by the author: [Section 17, Proviso(a)]
in the course of his employment by the proprietor of a newspaper, magazine or similar
periodical under a contract of service or apprenticeship, for the purpose of publication in a
newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, the said proprietor shall be the first owner of
the copyright in the work in so far as the copyright relates to the publication of work, but in
all other respects the author shall be the first owner of the copyright in the work.
For photograph taken, or a painting, or an engraving or a cinematograph film made:
[Section 17, Proviso(b)]
for valuable consideration at the instance of any person (Commissioned Work), such
person shall be the first owner of the copyright.
For a work made in the course of the author’s employment under a contract of service or
apprenticeship, to which clause (a) or clause (b) does not apply: [Section 17, Proviso(c)]
The employer shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of
the copyright.
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For address or speech delivered in public: [Section 17, Proviso(cc)]
the person who has delivered such address or speech or;
if any person has delivered such address or speech on behalf of any other person,
such other person shall be the first owner of the copyright,
notwithstanding that the person who delivers such address or speech, or, as the case may
be, the person on whose behalf such address or speech is delivered, is employed by any
other person who arranges such address or speech or on whose behalf or premises such
address or speech is delivered.
For the Government work: [Section 17, Proviso(d)]
Government shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the
copyright.
For the work made or first published by or under the direction of any public
undertaking: [Section 17, Proviso(dd)]
such public undertaking shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first
owner of the copyright.
For the work of International Organizations: [Section 17, Proviso(e)]
The international organization concerned shall be the first owner of the copyright.
JOINT AUTHORSHIP
Copyright subsists also in works of joint authorship. Herein, the joint authors hold the
copyright in work on collaboration or cooperation of each other as tenants in common
rather than as joint tenants. All the authors in the work joint authorship owns equal
undivided share in the copyright in absence of agreement to the contrary.
The Act defines the term ‘work of joint authorship’ as means a work produced by the
collaboration of two or more authors in which the contribution of one author is not
distinct from the contribution of the other author or authors. [Section 2(z)] In case of
work in joint authorship, the conditions and term prescribed for copyright under the
Act shall be same for all the authors. [Section 13 (2) Explanation]
To make work in joint authorship, there is required common design and collaboration
between or among the authors to create/make/produce the work. Besides, each of the
authors should also make contribution with his creation irrespective of the
proportions in the final outcome of the work. The contribution of each author
however should not be distinct from the contribution of other author or authors. All
the contribution should be merged to an integrated from or material as final outcome.
WORKS CREATED FOR OTHERS:
Commissioned Work: The author of certain works may not be the first owner of the
copyright in certain situations. In other words, when a photographer, painter, engraver
and producer creates or commissions the work on valuable consideration on behalf of
another person, such other person would be the first owner of the work. For example,
when a film producer commissions a composer of music for reward or valuable
consideration for the purpose of making his film or recording music or sound, he
becomes the first owner of the copyright therein. No copyright subsists in the
composer unless there is an agreement to the contrary between them. (Gee Pee Film
Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Pratik Chowdhary, [2002 (24) PTC 392]
Contract of Service: When a person employs another person to create the work for
him for valuable consideration (wages, salaries, or fixed amount) under his control or
direction such duration, process, means or method for the final outcome at his place or
resources, then this would be considered under a ‘contract of service’. Herein, the
level or degree of the control exercised by the employer becomes significant to decide
the status and nature of the work created. Like, creating or preparing the work for any
person, entity, organization, corporations, and Government.
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3. There is ‘right’ created to use the There is only ‘permission’ to use the
work. work.
5. Assignee can sue the infringer on his Licensee cannot sue the infringer on
own name for the rights infringed. his own name without joining the
owner of copyright.
LICENSING/ ASSIGNMENT AGREEMENT: DRAFT
COPYRIGHT LICENSE SYMBOL
COLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT
The collective management of copyright of the author/owner is done by the registered
copyright societies. They are part of ‘Collective Management Organization (CMO)’
registered as collective societies under the Copyright Act of 1957, for the management
and protection of copyright by a society of authors and other owners of copyright.
Copyright societies have the functions to simplify the process of administration and
licensing for copyright owners; to collect and distribute fees; and receive royalties for
administering the rights of owner. They can also enter into agreements with CMOs in
other jurisdictions to help administer the rights of Indian copyright holders abroad,
and of foreign copyright holders in India.
The Copyright (Amendment) Act of 2012 was brought to make the Copyright Act into
compliance with the WIPO Internet Treaties; and to balance the disparity in
negotiating power between copyright societies and artists of various kinds; hence
introduced certain key changes with respect to CMOs. The draft Copyright
(Amendment) 2019 Rules were also notified later on to reform the functioning of
copyright societies to provide more power to individual copyright holders, and contain
further measures intended to improve transparency.
Registration of Copyright Societies: [Section 33]
A copyright society is a registered collective administration society under Section
33 of the Copyright Act, 1957. Such a society is formed by authors and other
owners. The minimum membership required for registration of a society is seven.
Ordinarily, only one society is registered to do business in respect of the same
class of work.
The registration granted to a copyright society shall be for a period of five years
and may be renewed from time to time before the end of every five years on a
request in the prescribed form and the Central Government may renew the
registration after considering the report of Registrar of Copyrights on the working
of the copyright society.
The renewal of the registration of a copyright society shall be subject to the
continued collective control of the copyright society being shared with the authors
of works in their capacity as owners of copyright or of the right to receive royalty.
Every copyright society already registered before the Copyright (Amendment) Act,
2012 came into existence shall get itself registered under this Chapter within a
period of one year.
Function of Copyright Societies: [Section 33A]
A copyright society may issue licenses and collect fees in accordance with its
‘Scheme of Tariff’ in relation to only such works as it has been authorized to
administer in writing by the authors/owners of rights and for the period for
which it has been so authorized. The distribution of fees collected shall be
subject to a deduction not exceeding fifteen per cent for administrative
expenses.
Every copyright society shall publish its tariff scheme in such manner as
prescribed in the Copyright Rules, 2013. Any person who is aggrieved by the
tariff scheme may appeal to the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB)
and the Board may, if satisfied after holding such inquiry, make such orders to
remove any unreasonable element, anomaly or inconsistency therein.
A copyright society shall frame a scheme to be called the ‘Distribution Scheme’
setting out the procedure for distribution of royalties specified in the Tariff
Scheme among the members whose names are entered in the Register of
Authors and Owners. The Distribution Scheme shall aim to ensure that all
royalty distributions are fair, accurate, cost effective and without any unknown
Administration of Rights by Copyright Societies: [Section 34]
The copyright society may accept from an author and other owner of rights
exclusive authorization to administer any right in any work by issue of
licenses or collection of license fees or both; and (b) an author and other
owner of rights shall have the right to withdraw such authorization without
prejudice to the rights of the copyright society under any contract.
The copyright society shall also be competent to enter into agreement with
any foreign society or organization administering rights corresponding to
rights under this Act, to entrust to such foreign society or organization the
administration in any foreign country of rights administered by the said
copyright society in India, or for administering in India the rights
administered in a foreign country by such foreign society or organization.
However, no such society or organization shall permit any discrimination
with regard to the terms and conditions of license or the distribution of
royalties so collected, between the Indian Copyright Holders as well as
other right holders.
Registered Copyright Societies in India