RECAP

BIOLOGICAL
FACTS
Explain the
postulates of the STEM_BIO1
cell theory 1/12-Ia-c-1
 Pre-Activity:
Did You Know?

What is the smallest unit of

Life?
 Did You Know?

How many cells make up an

average human being?
The average human
being is composed of
around 100 Trillion
individual cells!!!
It would take as many as
50 cells to cover the area
of a dot on the letter “i”
 Did You Know?
What cell type that can no longer regenerate once used
up?
 Did You Know?
What type of cell can carry Oxygen and supplies it
through the body?
 Did You Know?
What is the smallest cell in nature?
 Did You Know?
What is the biggest cell in nature?
The Cell Theory
Youtube video about Cell Theory

Guide Question:

What were the major discoveries

leading to the creation of Cell
Theory?
What is the cell theory about?
Discovery of Cells
 1665- English Scientist, Robert Hooke, discovered cells
while looking at a thin slice of cork.
 He described the cells as tiny boxes or a honeycomb
 He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi
Anton van Leuwenhoek
 1673- Used a handmade microscope to observe
pond scum & discovered single-celled organisms
 He called them “animalcules”

 He also observed blood cells from fish, birds,

frogs, dogs, and humans
 Therefore, it was known that cells are found in
animals as well as plants
 R-noticed that pollen grains in water jiggled around
1827-33 - Robert Brown called “Brownian motion”
-discovered
Robert Brown the nucleus

Nucleus

Human Cheek Cell

1838 - Matthias Schleiden
A botanist who concluded that all plants are made of cells.

Typical Plant
Cell
 1839 - Theodor Schwann
A zoologist who concluded that all animals are made of cells.

Nerve Cells
1855 - Rudolph Virchow

A physician who did

research on cancer cells and
concluded
“Omnis cellula e cellula”.

“All cells are from other

pre-existing cells.”
Based on the discovery of Cell, if you are a scientist how
would you derive the Cell Theory?
The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory :

1.All organisms are composed of one or

more cells.
(Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39)
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living
things. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39)
3. All cells are produced by the
division of preexisting cells. (Virchow)
(1858)
The Cell Theory Complete
The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory were
now complete:
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
(Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39)
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things.
(Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39)
3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting
cells. (Virchow)(1858)
How Has The Cell Theory Been Used?
The basic discovered truths about cells, listed in
the Cell Theory, are the basis for things such as:
Disease/Health/Medical Research and Cures(AIDS, Cancer,
Vaccines, Cloning, Stem Cell Research, etc.)
STEM CELL RESEARCH

The research started simple question “How can the

various parts of the human body began forming and
how may it be possible to replicate the processes.
Modern Cell Theory
 Assignment:
on Modern Cell Theory
Modern Cell Theory contains 4 statements, in addition
to the original Cell Theory:
1. The cell contains hereditary information(DNA) which is
passed on from cell to cell during cell division.
2. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition
and metabolic activities.
3. All basic chemical & physiological functions are carried
out inside the cells.(movement, digestion,etc)
4. Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular
structures within the cell(organelles, nucleus, plasma
membrane)
Historical Background:

1.Robert Hooke
-1665 – coined the term cell
2. Corti
– 1772 – saw substance within the cell
3. Fontana
-1781- used the term nucleolus
4. Robert Brown
– 1831 – saw the nucleus
5. Dujardin
– 1835 – used the term sarcode
6. Mattias Jacob Schleiden & Theodore
Schwann
-1839- cell doctrine
7. Strasburger
– illustrated cell division
8. Hugo Von Mohl
– 1846 – used the term protoplasm
9. Max Schulze
– protoplasm as physical basis of life
10. Thomas Huxley
– protoplasm as chemical basis of life
11. Rudolph Virchow
– 1858 – cell generalization
12. Schimper
–1883- used the term plastid.
13. Frederich Mischer
– 1868- saw DNA in pus
14. Benda Altmann
– coined the term mitochondria
15. Camilo Golgi
–1898- Golgi bodies
16. John Dalton
– 1900 -Neuron in owl
17. Palade
– 1900 – ribosome
18. Porter
– 1900 – Endoplasmic reticulum
19. Daniel Davson
– 1900 – Cell membrane as
sandwich like
20. Christian de Duze
– Lysosome in rat
Application:

Explain the Cell Theory in your own

words

How has the knowledge of Cell

Theory help you understand life.
Some Parting Thoughts
Humans are just an intricately designed
community of cells, which must work
together to survive

The next time you will

be asked what is the
essence of life?
Cell Structure
and
Function
There are 2 types of cells

1.Prokaryotes
2.Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Do NOT have a membrane surrounding genetic
material, therefore, can make proteins
simultaneously when reading genetic code.
Lack some structures found in Eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotes
Have a membrane surrounding their DNA,
forming a NUCLEUS
Contain numerous internal membranes that have
specific functions, called ORGANELLES
External Structures – Bacteria
Glycocalyces – Sugar based external surrounding
firmly attached to cell’s surface.
Flagella – Tail like structure that propels bacteria
(also found on sperm cells). Flow of hydrogen and
sodium ions allows movement.
Fimbriae and Pili – Hair like structures that
adhere to surfaces to move bacterium.
 Cell Walls
Found in most prokaryotes – allows attachment to
other cells and resistance to antimicrobial drugs.
Eg. Penicillin attacks cell walls of microbes
Peptidoglycan – Polysaccharide, divides cells into
two types:
1. Gram-Positive (Thick layer of peptidoglycan)
2. Gram-Negative (Thin layer of peptidoglycan)
Cytoplasmic Membrane
Made up of a PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER: outside
is hydrophilic and inside is hydrophobic
Selectively Permeable, but naturally impermeable
to large objects
Concentration Gradient – Concentration of
sodium ions can attract and repel charged
substances into and out of cells.
Diffusion
Simple Diffusion - When a small, non-polar
molecule passes through a lipid bilayer.
Channel Diffusion - Channel proteins where
material moves through an open, aqueous pore.
Facilitated diffusion - Type of passive transport
that is dependent on single transport protein
carriers.
Osmosis
Movement of water across a selectively permeable
membrane driven by a difference in solute
concentrations on the two sides of the membrane.
Cytoplasm
Gelatinous material inside of a cell
Liquid portion is called CYTOSOL
Contains INCLUSIONS– Deposits of small
compounds within the cytoplasm
Endospores
Produced by Bacillus and Clostridium
NOT FOR REPRODUCTION
Constitute a defensive strategy for hostile or
unfavourable conditions
 Non-membranous Organelles
Ribosomes – Sites of protein synthesis
Cytoskeleton – Structure of proteins which gives
cells structure and movement:

1. Microfilaments: Fine, thread-like protein fibers, 3-6

nm in diameter
2. Microtubules: Cylindrical tubes, 20-25 nm in
diameter
3. Intermediate filaments are about 10 nm diameter
and provide tensile strength for the cell.
Archaea Glycocalyces
Same characteristics as bacterial glycocalyces
Archaea Flagella
Similar to bacterial flagella
About half the thickness (10-14 nm)
Fimbriae and Hami
Fimbriae – nonmotile, rodlike, sticky projections
Hami – Fimbria of archaea. Filament frays into 3
hooks. Used for attachment
Eukaryotic Glycocalyces
Most animal and protozoan cells lack cell walls
Glycocalyces are anchored through covalent
bonds
Eukaryotic Cell Walls and
Membranes
Cell walls of plants are made of cellulose
Cell walls of fungi are made of chitin or
glucomannan
Cell walls of algae are made of cellulose, proteins,
agar, carrageenan, silicates, algin, calcium
carbonate, or a combination of the
aforementioned
ALL have cytoplasmic membrane
Centrioles and Centrosome
Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell
Plasmid (ring of
DNA)
Chromosomal ring of DNA
50 x 50 x
Smaller Bigger 10-
0.2-2μm 100μm
And small rings Inside a
of DNA called nucleus
 Main differences
Prokaryotes:
SIZE – 50 x smaller than eukaryotes
Have no membrane bound sub-cellular structures
Bacteria do not have a nucleus. They do have two types
of DNA – plasmid and chromosomal. The chromosomal
DNA carries most of the genetic information. Plasmid
DNA forms small loops and carries extra information