ch09 - Control (With Exercises)

Place Slide Title Text Here
JOHN R. SCHERMERHORN, JR.

MANAGEMENT
12 Edition
th
Chapter 9
Control Processes and

Systems
©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-1
Planning
Place Ahead
Slide — Chapter
Title 9 Study Questions
Text Here
1. Why and how do managers exercise control?

2. What are the steps in the control process?
3. What are the common control tools and
techniques?
Chapter
Place Slide 9 Learning
Title Dashboard
Text Here
1. Managerial Control
1. Importance of controlling
2. Types of controls
3. Internal and external control
2. The Control Process

1. Establish objectives and standards
2. Measure actual performance
3. Compare results with objectives
4. Take corrective action
Chapter
Place Slide 9 Learning
Title Dashboard
Text Here
3. Control Tools and Techniques

1. Project management and control
2. Inventory control
3. Breakeven analysis
4. Financial controls
5. Balanced scorecards
Place Takeaway 1: Managerial
Slide Title Text HereControl
• Controlling
– The process of measuring performance and taking action
to ensure desired results
– Has a positive and necessary role in the management
process
– Ensures that the right things happen, in the right way, at
the right time
– Benefit: Organizational learning (Example: After-action
review)
Figure 9.1 The role of controlling in the management
process
• Feedforward controls
– Employed before a work activity begins
– Ensures that:
• Objectives are clear
• Proper directions are established
• Right resources are available
– Goal is to solve problems before they occur
• Concurrent controls
– Focus on what happens during work process
– Monitor ongoing operations to make sure they are
being done according to plan
– Goal is to solve problems as they occur
• Feedback controls
– Take place after work is completed
– Focus on quality of end results
– Goal is to solve problems after they occur
and prevent future ones
Figure 9.2 Feedforward, concurrent, and feedback
controls.
• Internal and external control

– Internal control
• Allows motivated individuals and groups to exercise
self-discipline in fulfilling job expectations
– External control
• Occurs through personal supervision and the use of
formal administrative systems
• Self-control
– Internal control that occurs through self-
discipline in fulfilling work and personal goals and
responsibilities
• Bureaucratic control
– Influences behavior through authority, policies,
procedures, job descriptions, budgets, and day-
to-day supervision
• Clan control
– Influences behavior through norms and
expectations set by the organizational culture
• Market Control
– Influence of market competition on the behavior
of organizations and their members
Figure 9.3 Four steps in the control process
Discussion
Do you know any examples of controls that are

used in organizations.
Place Takeaway 2: The
Slide Title TextControl
HereProcess
• Step 1 — establishing objectives and

standards
– Output standards
• Measure performance results in terms of quantity,
quality, cost, or time
– Input standards
• Measure effort in terms of amount of work expended
in task performance
HereProcess
• Step 2 — measuring actual performance

– Goal is accurate measurement of actual
performance results and/or performance efforts
– Must identify significant differences between
actual results and original plan
– Effective control requires measurement
HereProcess
• Step 3 — comparing results with objectives

and standards
– Need for action = Desired Performance –
Actual Performance
– Comparison methods:
• Historical comparison
• Relative comparison
• Engineering comparison
HereProcess
• Step 4 — taking corrective action

– Taking action when a discrepancy exists between
desired and actual performance
– Management by exception
• Giving attention to situations showing the greatest
need for action
• Types of exceptions
– Problem situation
– Opportunity situation
Takeaway
Place Slide3:Title
Control Tools
Text and Techniques
Here
• Project Management
– Overall planning, supervision, and control
of projects
• Projects – unique one-time events that occur within a
defined time period
• Gantt chart – graphic display of scheduled tasks
required to complete a project
• CPM/PERT – combination of the critical path method
and program evaluation and review technique
Group Discussion
You are assigned in your group. How can each of

you use Management by Objectives for better
planning and control?
Takeaway
Place Slide 3: Gantt
Title Text HereChart
Takeaway
Place Slide Title3:Text
CPM/PERT
HereChart
Takeaway
Place Slide3:Title
Control Tools
Text and Techniques
Here
• Inventory control
– Ensures that inventory is only big enough to meet
immediate needs
– Economic order quantity
• Places new orders when inventory levels fall to predetermined
points
– Just-in-time scheduling
• Routes materials to workstations just in time for use
Takeaway
Place Slide3:Title
Control Tools
Text and Techniques
Here
• Breakeven analysis
– Breakeven point
• Occurs where revenues just equal costs
– Breakeven analysis
• Performs what-if calculations under different revenue and cost
conditions
Figure 9.4 Use of breakeven analysis to make
informed “what-if” decisions
Figure 9.5 Basic foundations of a balance sheet and
income statement
Takeaway
Place Slide3:Title
Control Tools
Text and Techniques
Here
• Basic Financial Ratios

– Liquidity
• The ability to generate cash to pay bills
– Leverage
• The ability to earn more in returns than the cost of debt
– Asset management
• The ability to use resources efficiently and operate at minimum
cost
– Profitability
• The ability to earn revenues greater than costs
Takeaway
Place Slide3:Title
Control Tools
Text and Techniques
Here
• Balanced Scorecard
• Factors used to develop scorecard goals
and measures:
– Financial performance
– Customer Satisfaction
– Internal process improvement
– Innovation and learning
Group Discussion
IU is considering to open up a new BA study program
with West of England University (called UWE 4 + 0).
Knowing that you have studied about Planning, the
rector who is very busy ask you to prepare a plan
for this new study program. Work in your group to:
1. Identify the elements in this plan.

2. Use ends-means chain to set objectives.
3. What should you do to follow Management by
Objective (MBO)?
4. Use balanced scorecard to set objectives.

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Place Slide Title Text Here

JOHN R. SCHERMERHORN, JR.

Control Processes and

1. Why and how do managers exercise control?

2. The Control Process

3. Control Tools and Techniques

• Internal and external control

Do you know any examples of controls that are

• Step 1 — establishing objectives and

• Step 2 — measuring actual performance

• Step 3 — comparing results with objectives

• Step 4 — taking corrective action

You are assigned in your group. How can each of

• Basic Financial Ratios

1. Identify the elements in this plan.

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